DCSB  LIBRARV 


TREASURE  LAND 


A  STOPY 


VOL   I 


PUBLISHED  BY  THE 

ARIZONA  ADVANCEMENT  COMPANY 

TUCSON,  ARIZONA 

1897 


COPYRIGHTED  BY 
J.  GEO.  HILZINGER,  TUCSON,  ARIZONA, 

1897. 


TREASURES  or 


AND.... 

TREASURES  OE  WEALTH. 

^f-\^f  -^f  ^^  •^^  -^^ 

TO   THE   READER: 

It  is  said  of  an  old  writer  of  romance,  that 
he  set  the  church  bells  ringing  merely  because  he  had  found 
a  name  for  one  of  his  heroes,  and  we  felt  equally  joyous 
when  we  found  a  title  fof  our  book.  It  is  one  that  suits 
it  admirably,  for  it  is  full  of  gems  of  fact  and  fancy,  and 
points  the  way  to  bounteous  stores  of  treasures  of  health 
and  wealth  that  are  to  be  had  for  the  seeking.  As  the 
ignorant  Turk  is  said  to  preserve  every  scrap  of  writing 
that  comes  in  his  way,  because  the  name  of  God  may  be 
written  upon  it,  so  do  thou,  O  Reader,  with  this  book,  for 
there  may  be  hope  of  life  or  a  life  of  hope  in  it  for  some 
one  who  shall  see  it. 

We  make  no  apology  for  our  book  :  it  is  the  best  we 
can  give  under  the  circumstances,  and  is  really  worth  twice 
as  much  to  the  reader  as  the  latest  novel. 

We  claim  no  more  originality  than  does  the  artist  who 
transfers  his  perceptions  of  natural  beauty  to  his  canvas, 
and  while  we  court  no  criticism,  we  do  not  fear  it.  We 
only  ask  of  those,  who  are  always  ready  to  decry  home 
talent,  that,  THEY  BUY  A  COPY  TO  CRITICISE. 

We  thank  the  many  friends  who  have  kindly  given 
us  their  advice  and  assistance  in  launching  this  venture, 
and  in  their  generous  approval  we  shall  find  our  greatest 
satisfaction. 

THE  PUBLISHERS. 


Tucson,  Arizona.  July,  1897. 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER.  I'AGE. 

I.  Where  and  What  \B  this  Treasure  Land  ? 5 

II.  The  Story  of  the  Sun-Kissed  Land 15 

III.  Life  is  Pleasant  and  Here  are  Treasures  of  Health 41 

IV.  Treasures  of  Wealth 5i» 

V.  A  Land  of  Beef  as  well  as  Bullion 79 

VI.  The  Farmers'  Paradise,  or  Land  and  Water 8'J 

VII.  The  City  of  Ages 10'J 

VIII.  The  Line  City 141 


WHERE  AND  WHAT 

is  THIS  TREASURE  LAND? 


Where  the  ruddy  Colorado  rushes  onward  to  the  sea ; 
Where  the  Gila's  seething  waters  mveep  along  right  merrily : 
Where  the  canyons  mighty  fissure,  and  the  rolling  valleys  lie; 
Where  the  kisses  of  the  zephyrs  make  the  swaying  forests  sigli  — 
There  lies  this  Treasure  Land  beneath  a  sunny  southern  sky ! 
And  on  her  fruitful  bosom,  ivith  tender  passions  rife, 
Lie  treasures  for  the  seeking,  and  the  elixir  of  life. 


Where  Some  time  in  the  near  future  an  effort  will  be  made 

to  annex  the  United  States  to  Arizona,  and  in  view  of 

an<*  this  political   amalgamation,   some   general   information 

What  Is  It  ?          respecting  it  will  prove  interesting. 

If  the  reader  will  refer  to  the  most  accessible  geog- 
raphy, he  will  find  the  following  description,  or  words  to  the  same  effect: 

"Arizona  is  bounded  on  the  east,  north  and  west  by  the  United  States 
of  America,  on  the  south  by  the  Republic  of  Mexico,  above  by  the 
serenest  of  skies  and  beneath  by  inexhaustible  deposits  of  mineral,  and 
a  soil  more  fertile  than  the  valley  of  the  Nile." 

We  may  not  follow  the  book  precisely,  as  we  quote  from  memory, 
but  being  on  the  spot,  with  the  facts  before  us,  we  are  probably  nearer 
the  truth  than  the  book  is. 

"The  surface  consists  of  elevated  table-lands  broken  by  lofty  mountains 
and  interspersed  by  valleys,  many  of  which  are  intersected  by  irrigating 
canals,  dotted  with  thriving  towns,  and  bright  with  the  green  and  gold 
of  orchard,  field  and  vineyard.  Some  of  these  valleys  are  more  than 
200  miles  long  and  from  twenty  to  forty  miles  wide,  and  more  fertile 
than  the  far-famed  valleys  watered  by  the  river  Nile.  One  who  is  not 
familiar  with  the  character  of  the  rich  soil  has  no  conception  of  the 
future  value  of  these  immense  valleys.  In  a  few  years  the  territory 
will  be  one  vast  garden,  excepting  those  portions  reserved  for  grazing 
purposes." 

We  now  ask  the  reader  to  refer  to  the  Governor's  Report  for  1896,  and 
if  a  copy  is  not  obtainable,  to  rely  upon  the  faithfulness  of  our  extracts 
from  it. 

"Arizona  has  been  called  'the  sun-kissed'  land  and  the  title  is  well 
deserved." 


6  Treasure  Land. 

We  pause  here  to  call  attention  to  the  singular  appropriateness  of  the 
expression;  the  word  "kissed"  suggests  a  wealth  of  loving  ecstasy,  of 
blending  harmonies,  of  azure  skies,  of  shimmering  eyes,  balmy  breath, 
the  incense  of  flowers,  and  all  that  is  sweetest  in  life. 

"In  no  other  country  are  there  so  many  days  of  sunshine,  and  this. 
combined  with  an  air,  pure,  invigorating  and  free  from  infection,  not 
only  sustains  and  prolongs  life  in  the  human  family,  but  creates  a  con- 
dition impossible  to  excel  for  the  propagation  and  sustenance  of  life  in 
the  animal  and  vegetable  kingdoms.  It  is  for  this  reason  Arizona  pro- 
duces the  finest  horses,  cattle,  sheep  and  hogs  to  be  found  in  the  world. 
The  earliest  and  finest-flavored  fruits  (six  weeks  earlier  than  any  other 
state  or  territory  in  the  Union);  flowers  of  exquisite  shape,  tinged  with 
the  most  attractive  and  pleasing  dyes  of  nature,  and  cereals— wheat, 
barley,  oats  and  rye — equaled  nowhere  else  in  the  country. 

Its  resources  are  without  limit,  its  mountains  are  the  storehouse  of 
precious  metals  and  stones,  its  forests  the  greatest  in  the  United  States, 
its  plains  sustain  vast  herds  of  cattle  and  sheep,  while  the  valleys  pro- 
duce grams  and  fruits  that  have  no  equal  anywhere. 

Arizona  possesses  one  of  the  finest  and  most  valuable  forests  in  the 
world,  known  as  the  Mogollon  forest,  which  covers  an  area  of  10,000 
square  miles,  or  6,400,000  acres,  being,  with  possibly  two  exceptions, 
the  most  extensive  body  of  timber  in  the  known  world. 

Agriculture  is  rapidly  becoming  a  great  industry  in  this  territory, 
and  thousands  of  acres  of  land  are  being  reclaimed  yearly  by  the  develop- 
ment of  water  for  irrigation  purposes.  Upon  this  land  the  husbandman 
reaps  a  splendid  return  for  his  intelligence  and  industry,  the  land  pro- 
ducing almost  every  product  known  to  the  temperate  and  semi-tropical 
zones. 

Stock  raising  is  also  being  remarkably  developed,  and  thousands  of 
sheep,  horses  and  cattle  are  yearly  fed  upon  its  grazing  land. 

The  product  from  the  three  most  important  industries — mining,  stock 
raising  and  agriculture— gives  an  aggregate  return  of  $18,385,550.70,  which 
of  itself  is  a  panegyric  on  the  wealth  of  Arizona's  resources. 

The  mineral  output — gold,  silver,  copper,  lead  and  limestone — aggre- 
gated $13,978,263.20. 

The  stock  industry  gave  a  return  of  $2,757,287.50. 

Although  owing  to  the  numerous  ways  by  which  products  are  trans- 
ported, it  is  almost  impossible  to  obtain  statistics  which  would  show  an 
accurate  estimate  of  the  amount  and  value  of  farm  produce  exported,  yet 
a  very  conservative  estimate  will  show  a  total  return  from  this  source 
of  not  less  than  $1,650,000. 

Our  counties  and  cities  are  well  governed.  Our  cities  have  a  less 
number  of  policemen,  and  our  court  records  show  that  fewer  crimes  are 
committed  in  this  territory  than  in  any  state  of  the  Union. 

Arizona  is  a  most  inviting  field  for  capital  and  skilled  labor.  Her 
undeveloped  resources  are  varied  and  almost  without  limit  Millions  of 
acres  of  agricultural  land  are  yet  to  be  reclaimed  by  the  development 
and  proper  storage  of  water.  Communication  by  enlarged  and  cheaper 
railroad  facilities  is  urgently  demanded  between  the  various  points  of 
the  territory,  that  an  interchange  of  home  products  between  the  mining 
and  agricultural  sections  may  be  made. 

Many  avenues  of  industrial  life  offer  varied  and  profitable  induce- 
ment for  the  engagement  of  capital  and  labor,  and  her  agricultural,  min- 
eral and  grazing  wealth  should  receive  that  attention  from  outside  in- 
vestors which  they  deserve. 

Factories  might  also  be  profitably  started.  There  are  many  fibrous 
grasses  and  plants  of  indigenous  growth  that  could  be  used  in  the  manu- 


\\'here  and  Wliat  its  tin's  Treasure  Land  ?  7 

facture  of  paper,  bagging,  rope,  etc.  In  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  river 
wild  hemp  suitable  for  this  purpose  is  found  in  almost  unlimited  quantities. 

Ironwood,  which  grows  all  along  the  base  of  our  mountains,  is  very 
hard  when  dry,  and  when  polished  is  of  a  beautiful  appearance.  This 
wood  produces  a  veneering  of  good  quality,  which  could  be  made  to 
supply  eastern  manufacturers,  who  now  obtain  their  product  from  other 
countries. 

Arizona  has  within  its  borders  a  population  of  over  100,000,  being  an 
increase  of  35,000  since  1893.  The  people  are  cultured,  energetic  and 
enterprising;  they  have  caused  the  desert  to  awaken  with  life;  they  have 
invaded  the  great  forests  and  delved  into  the  mountains  that  they  might 
all  pay  tribute  to  the  necessities  of  .Arizona's  modern  civilization.  The 
moral  and  social  status  is  excellent.  Our  educational  facilities  meet 
every  demand  of  a  cultured  and  ambitious  people.  And  every  condition 
which  we  find  in  this  splendid  Territory  shows  every  possible  requirement 
for  the  making  of  a  great  and  prosperous  Commonwealth. 

The  immigration  is  of  the  very  best  class,  and  Arizona  numbers  among 
her  population  representatives  from  all  portions  of  our  Union,  and  the  very 
highest  types  of  citizenship  of  the  communities  whence  they  emigrate. 
They  are  progressive  and  enterprising,  thoroughly  American  in  character, 
loyal  to  their  country,  and  justly  proud  of  the  home  of  their  adoption." 

"Alice  in  Wonderland"  would  lose  all  its  charm  if  the 
How  author  failed  to  inform  us  how  she  reached  the  fairy 

realm  of  Fancy. 
TO  Get  There.  Arizona  is  a  land  of  Wonders  in  a  world  of  Fact, 

and  if  the  reader  thoroughly  grasps  the  situation,  he 
will  desire  to  learn  how  this  favored  land  can  be  reached  from  the  United 
States. 

Even  if  it  is  not  convenient  for  him  to  visit  it  himself,  he  may  have 
some  dear  friend  or  relative  for  whom  this  sun-kissed  land  will  mean  a 
new  lease  of  life;  or  he  may  be  aweary  of  continual  depression  in  the 
stock  market,  the  oxidization  of  gilt-edge  securities  and  3  per  cent,  con- 
versions, and  sigh  for  the  good  old  ratios.  If  he  comes  to  Arizona  he  can 
invest  his  money  to  good  advantage  and  enjoy  perfect  health  while  his 
profits  mature.  There  is  a  vital  principle  in  our  balmy  ozone-laden  air 
that  quickens  the  pulse  and  makes  man  feel  like  a  demigod.  Here  the 
sluggard  feels  new  energies  arise  within  him,  the  weak  and  debilitated 
lay  aside  their  drugs  and  spring  forth  into  the  glad  sunshine  like  young 
kids  at  play. 

Most  of  you  will  want  to  come  here  in  comfort  and  with  as  little  loss  of 
time  as  possible,  and  while  there  is  a  variety  of  routes,  the  most  direct, 
and  naturally  the  most  desirable  way  of  getting  here,  is  over  the  Sunset 
Route  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Company,  or  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa 
Fe. 

This    popular    line    of.   railroad    extends    through    the 
The  entire  territory,  east  and  west,  and  taps  every  important 

center.  It  traverses  the  entire  length  of  the  great  Gila 
Sunset  Route.  valley,  scene  of  the  most  stupendous  irrigating  schemes 

on  record,  and  connects  at  Maricopa  with  Phoanix,  thirty- 
five  miles  distant,  in  the  very  heart  of  the  famous  Salt  River  valley.  It 
connects  at  Bowie  with  a  short  line  tapping  the  rich  agricultural  districts 
of  Graham  county  and  the  mineral  regions  of  Globe,  and  at  Lordsburg  with 
the  road  running  to  the  famous  copper  mines  of  Clifton.  It  is  the  natural, 
direct  route  from  Eastern  cities  through  New  Orleans  and  El  Paso,  through 
St.  Louis,  Fort  Worth  and  El  Paso,  through  Kansas  City,  Fort  Worth  and 
El  Paso,  or  through  Denver  and  El  Paso.  From  the  West  the  route  is 
direct  from  Snu  Francisco,  through  Los  Angeles  and  Yuma. 

* 


8  Treasure  Land. 

First-class  and  tourist  through  cars  run  daily,  semi-weekly  and  weekly 
during  the  winter  season  from  Chicago,  St.  Paul,  Minneapolis,  St.  Louis 
and  Kansas  City;  daily  the  year  round  from  New  Orleans  and  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  weekly  (second-class)  from  Washington,  D.  C.,  and  Cincinnati. 
through  New  Orleans. 

At  all  times  and  from  whatever  direction,  the  trip  is  comfortable  and 
exceedingly  interesting.  This  route  is  the  course  of  the  now  world-famed 
Sunset  Limited,  which  has  attracted  the  admiration  of  the  world  with  its 
matchless  magnificence. 

The  Southern  Pacific  company  now  controls  the  line  running  from  Ben- 
son, Ariz.,  to  Guaymas,  in  the  Mexican  state  of  Sonora,  which  taps  the 
greatest  mineral  region  in  the  world  and  makes  the  system  the  most  com- 
plete in  the  country. 


This   line  has   also   direct   connection  with   all   the   im- 
T    *   Q   P          portant  cities   of   Arizona.      It  follows   the   great   ceri- 
A.  1.  &  o.  r.         trai  plateau  and,  consequently,  ensures  a  dry  air,  remark- 
R;  R.  ably  even  temperature,  delightfully  cool   nights  in  the 

heat  of  summer,  and  in  winter  the  rigors  of  the  more 
northern  routes  are  avoided.  It  is  the  great  scenic  route  of  the  West. 
touching  all  points  of  interest  in  Colorado,  Arizona  and  California,  and  is 
noted  for  the  excellence  of  its  service,  special  attention  being  given  to  the 
requirements  of  tourists  and  immigrants. 

The  Origin         When    Shakespeare    insinuated    that    there    was    very 

f  th    N  f      little  in  a  name,  he  had  no  prophetic  vision  of  the  time 

01  me  IName  OI      \vhen  the  commercial  world  would  regard  a  name  as  one 

Arizona.  of  the  most  important  matters  to  be  considered.     Any 

person  who  wishes  to  advertise  a  new  nostrum  or  sell 

city  lots  in  the  wilderness,  hunts  up  a  name  that  will  attract  purchasers 

either  by  reason  of  its  beauty  or  inexplicability.     Sometimes  the  name 

means  something,  and  occasionally  it  is  merely  a  seductive  combination  of 

syllables. 

We  do  not  know  how  to  classify  the  name  "Arizona."  It  certainly  is 
not  of  Spanish  origin,  and  our  Indian  scholars  can  not  agree  upon  any  part 
of  it.  It  was  originally  applied  to  a  place  a  short  distance  south  of  the 
boundary  line,  and  was  then  "Arizonac."  The  Hon.  Sam.  Hughes  claims 
that  it  is  derived  from  two  Indian  words,  "Ari"  and  "Zonac"  (as  nearly  as 
they  can  be  expressed  by  English  letters),  meaning  "the  place  of  massacre 
or  chastisement,"  the  inference  being  that  the  Indians  had  a  tradition  to 
the  effect  that  they  were  well  punished  somewhere  in  that  section. 

There  is  nothing  unreasonable  in  this  explanation,  but  as  some  of  our 
readers  may  not  feel  willing  to  accept  it  on  account  of  being  commonplace. 
we  offer  them  the  following  romantic  legend: 


There  is  an  ancient  Aztec  tradition  that  the  earth  is  born 
_        ^  .         .          of  the  sky,  which,  with  certain  scientific  explanations,  ae- 
oUn-i3eiOveQ         cords  with  the  nebular  theory,  and  shows  us  that  the 
Maiden.  Aztecs  could  make  as  shrewd  guesses  on  cosmologicnl 

matters  as  some  of  our  own  astronomers.  There  were 
giants  in  those  days,  of  course,  but  they  did  not  find  their  environment 
satisfactory  and  died  off,  leaving  the  sky-born  world  uninhabited. 

After  a  while  it  happened  that  a  celestial  virgin,  daughter  of  one  of 
the  thirteen  great  deities,  fell  into  a  decline  (probably  brought  on  by  liifili 
living),  and  the  court  physician  recommended  that  she  be  sent  to  the  Santa 
Cruz  valley,  where  the  climate  was  so  excellent  that  it  was  able  to  revive 
the  gods. 

His  advice  was  followed,  and  the  virgin  was  the  sole  inhabitant  of  the 
earth  until  one  night,  while  in  a  deep  sleep,  a  drop  of  dew  fell  upon  her, 


117/rrr  <tit(l    What  ix  tln'x   Treasure  Land'/  9 

and  she  bore  two  children,  a  son  and  a  daughter,  from  whom  have  sprung 
all  the  dwellers  upon  earth. 

The  name  of  the  virgin  was  Arizunna,  and  the  locality  she  honored  with 
her  earthly  residence  was  near  Tucson.  The  exact  spot  is  not  definitely 
known,  but  this  uncertainty  enables  all  who  visit  here  to  make  their  own 
choice,  which  no  one  can  dispute. 

Naturally  enough,  the  place  where  the  present  race  of  men  originated 
was  called  after  the  mother  of  all,  but  as  generations  passed  the  original 
pronunciation  was  lost  and  the  spelling  modified. 

The  meaning  of  "Ariztmua,"  as  given  in  the  ancient  record  from  which 
we  have  compiled  the  above,  is  "the  sun-beloved  maiden,"  and  this  is  what 
the  modern  "Arizona"  should  mean,  anyway. 

Arizona  ^ne  ^OD-  Whitelaw  Reid  published  an  interesting  article 

on  Arizona  in  the  New  York  Tribune,  of  November  22, 
a   GOOd   Place      1S90,  from  which  we  make  the  following  extracts: 
tO  Live  in.  "The  man  who  looks  for  either  the  beauty  or  the  se- 

ductive excitement  of  Monte  Carlo  will  not  find  it.  As 
little  will  he  find  the  historic  remains  of  the  cosmopolitan  attractions  of 
Egypt;  nor  could  he  reasonably  expect  the  amusements  and  luxuries  of  our 
o\vn  Eastern  cities.  The  people  of  Arizona  are  still  chiefly  busy  in  the 
pioneer  work  of  subduing  it  to  the  residence  and  uses  of  civilized  man. 
But  it  has  two  transcontinental  lines  of  railway,  with  numerous  feeders;  it 
has  fast  mails  and  rival  telegraph  lines,  and  is  throbbing  with  the  intense 
life  of  the  splendid  West.  The  two  principal  towns  in  the  southern  portion 
chiefly  sought  for  their  climatic  advantages,  are  Tucson  and  Phoenix.  Each 
of  them  has  ten  thousand  inhabitants  or  more.  They  have  the  electric 
light,  telephones,  trolley  cars,  plenty  of  hotels,  banks,  book  stores,  good 
schools,  churches,  an  occasional  theatrical  performance,  sometimes  a  lecture 
or  a  circus,  often  a  horse  race,  and,  in  the  spring,  a  thoroughly  curious  and 
interesting  'fiesta.'  For  the  rest,  people  must  take  their  amusements  with 
them.  Good  horses  are  abundant  and  cheap,  and  there  are  plenty  of  cow- 
boys—the genuine  article— to  show  what  horses  can  do. 

"You  can  not  have  the  luxuries  of  our  New  York  houses  out  there,  unless 
you  build  one;  or  the  variety  of  our  New  York  markets,  unless  you  charter 
a  refrigerator  car.  But  there  are  hotels  with  almost  as  much  frontage  as 
the  Waldorf;  and,  like  everything  else  in  the  territory  excepting  the  mount- 
ains and  the  deserts,  they  are  new.  There  are  boarding  houses  of  more 
kinds  than  one;  and  brick  cottages  of  eight  or  ten  rooms  can  occasionally 
be  rented.  Better  than  any  of  them,  for  the  man  with  the  energy  and  pluck 
to  take  it,  is  a  tent;  and  he  who  knows  how  to  'camp  out'  with  comfort 
through  September  in  the  Adirondacks  can  camp  out  in  Arizona  through 
the  winter. 

"As  to  food,  there  is  plenty,  and  it  is  good.  From  here  the  markets  of 
L.OS  Angeles,  and  even  of  Denver,  are  largely  supplied.  Good  beef,  mutton 
and  poultry  are  plenty  and  cheap.  Quail,  ducks  and  venison  from  the 
vicinity  can  also  be  had.  Vegetables  and  fruits  are  abundant  in  their 
season,  and  sometimes  the  season  is  a  long  one.  It  is  the  one  country  I 
have  lived  in  where  strawberries  ripen  in  the  open  air  ten  months  in  the 
year.  I  have  had  them  on  my  table,  fresh  picked  from  the  open  gardens, 
at  Christmas. 

"The  man  who  goes  to  any  considerable  Arizona  town  with  the  ideas 
of  the  Southwest  derived  from  novels,  or  from  'The  Arizona  Kicker,'  will 
be  greatly  mystified.  He  will  find  as  many  churches  as  in  towns  of  corre- 
sponding size  in  Pennsylvania  or  Ohio,  and  probably  more  school  hoxises. 
He  will  find  plenty  of  liquor  shops,  too,  and  gambling  houses,  and  dance 
hoiises.  and  yet  he  will  see  little  disorder  unless  he  hunts  late  at  night  for 
it.  and  he  will  find  a  community  of  ten  thousand  people  requiring  in  the 
daytime  only  one  policeman,  and  very  little  occupation  for  him." 


10 


Treasure  Ltnul. 


CHAOS_REIGNS. 

The  Town  of  Chandler,  Ohio 

Turned  by  a  Cyclone 

Into  a 


VERITABLE  MORGUE. 


The  Dead  and  Dying  Hourly  Aug- 
mented.—The  Big  River  Run- 
ning Wild  in  Mississippi. 

United  States   when  they  can  come 
safety. 


These  "scare  lines"  are  taken  from 
an  Arizona  newspaper,  but  have 
nothing  to  do  with  us  except  to 
awaken  our  sympathies  and  cause 
us  to  thank  God  that  we  live  in 
Arizona. 

We  have  no  cyclones  or  floods, 
for  while  nature  has  been  bounti- 
ful of  mercies,  she  has  been  nig- 
gard of  pestilence.  There  have  been 
suggestions  of  earthquakes  in  the 
past— the  echoes  .of  seismic  dis- 
turbances elsewhere — but  nothing 
strong  enough  to  stop  a  clock  or 
force  a  resignation  from  a  federal 
official.  And  yet  some  people  vol- 
untarily face  these  perils  in  the 
to  Arizona  and  live  in  peace  and 


In  no  other  part  of  the  country  are  the  people  so 
Territorial  democratic  as  in  Arizona,  and  yet  titles  prevail  to  a 

greater  extent  than  elsewhere.  We  have  more  colonels 
Titles.  than  you  can  find  in  Kentucky,  every  lawyer  is  a  judge, 

every  teacher  a  professor,  and  the  rest  of  the  men  are 
generals  and  honorables.  The  titles  are  bestowed  in  a  free  and  easy 
western  manner.  Everybody  speaks  to  his  neighbor  without  the  cere- 
mony of  an  introduction,  and  no  cards  are  exchanged  except  when  they 
play  poker  or  some  other  social  game.  If  the  party  addressed  looks  able 
to  bear  the  dignity,  you  call  him  colonel,  and  the  title  sticks;  if  you  know 
him  to  be  a  lawyer  (and  you  soon  find  out),  you  dub  him  judge,  and 
there  is  never  any  mistake  about  a  professor.  The  generals  are  ac- 
counted for  otherwise.  There  are  a  number  of  positions  with  the  quali- 
fying title,  such  as  surveyor  general,  attorney  general,  general  superin- 
tendent, general  agent,  etc.,  and  the  dignifying  portion  is  promptly  pre- 
fixed to  the  surname,  and  the  owner  crowned  with  a  military  glory  he 
never  earned.  We  are  also  prolific  of  governors,  for  during  the  lest  few 
administrations  it  has  taken  about  three  to  fill  out  a  term.  We  have 
heard  of  half  a  dozen  majors,  but  strange  to  say,  our  people  appear  to 
resent  this  title  unless  they  are  obliged  to  assume  it.  We  recall  only  three 
captains;  one  was  a  seafaring  man  from  Maine,  the  other  was  an  ex- 
officer  of  the  army,  and  the  third  died  before  we  could  investigate  him. 
If  there  are  others  we  never  met  them.  Every  man  who  ever  ran  for 
office  is  entitled  to  be  called  honorable — why,  we  know  not — and  it  is  a 
safe  address  at  all  times. 

An  eastern  visitor  induced  a  party  of  friends  to  unite  in 
The   Wonders      an  exPedition  to  tne  southwest  of  Tucson  for  the  pur- 
pose of  discovering  a  desert,  and  after  traveling  over 
Of  the  Desert.      100   miles   they    returned   with    brown   cheeks   and    in- 
ordinate appetites.     The  leader  of  the  party   was  kind 
enough  to  write  his  impressions  for  us  as  follows,  and  we  trust  that  the 
publication  of  the  facts  will  deter  others  from  wasting  their  time  and 
spoiling  their  complexions  in  the  same  vain  pursuit: 

"Desert?  There  is  no  such  thing  in  Arizona!  It  has  disappeared  with 
the  ogres,  hydra-headed  monsters  and  other  bogies  that  stunted  our  child- 
hood growth.  There  may  be  lost  mines,  but  there  are  no  deserts. 

"Far  away  in  every  direction  stretch  grassy  plains,  rising  and  falling 


Where  and   What  is  this  Treasure  Land  ?  11 

like  vast  swells  of  a  lazy  sea,  and  encircled  by  purple  hills  above  which 
climb  the  azure  peaks  of  mountains  beyond  them.  Different  shades  of 
verdure  greet  the  eye  on  every  side;  the  six- weeks  grass  of  a  bright  green, 
speckled  with  bright-hued  flowers,  is  varied  with  the  brown  and  gold 
of  the  galleta  and  gramma.  We  seem  to  be  driving  through  endless 
meadow  and  vineyard,  while  the  cawing  crow  flies  overhead,  little  birds 
twitter  among  low-bending  twigs  and  the  grazing  cattle  wander  hither 
and  thither.  The  sun  creeps  cheerily  up  the  eastern  sky,  the  air  is  soft, 
yet  bracing  as  an  early  bath,  and  the  dyspeptic  Yankees  of  our  party 
feel  that  existence  is  a  delightful  fact.  And  at  night,  what  a  good  rest 
we  had!  Under  the  bright  canopy  of  a  cloudless  sky,  with  moonlight 
softening  the  scene,  a  crispiness  in  the  air  that  quickened  every  atom 
of  blood  and  built  anew  all  the  lung  cells  that  life's  work,  exposures  and 
dangers  had  demolished  or  placed  on  the  retired  list! 

"Only  one  of  the  sleepers  awoke  before  daylight;  he  was  so  green 
that  a  jack  rabbit  mistook  his  ear  for  some  new  food  plant.  Morning 
brought  new  life  and  new  marvels.  Great  lakes,  promontories,  peaks, 
suspension  bridges  and  cities  with  great  buildings  moved  majestically  in 
u  marvelous  procession  across  the  orient  for  an  hour  or  more,  emphasizing 
the  grandest  pageant  that  was  ever  attempted.  It  was  the  desert  mirage, 
and  one  such  spectacular  exhibition  is  alone  worth  the  expense  and 
trouble  of  a  journey  to  Arizona.  If  this  is  life  on  the  desert,  let  me  live 
it  alwayl" 

Pima  county  was  the  first  portion  of  Arizona  settled  by 

Pima  CountV         Europeans,  and  is  one  of  the  oldest  political  divisions  of 

the  territory,  having  been  organized  by  the  first  legis- 

the  First.  lature  in  1864.    Its  original  boundaries  took  in  the  whole 

of  Cochise  county  and  portions  of  Final  and  Graham. 

It  is  still  of  fair  size,  being  about  180  miles  in  length  from  east  to  west, 

with  a  width  of  eighty  miles  at  its  eastern  end,  which  is  maintained  for 

seventy  miles,  when  it  gradually  decreases  to  twenty  miles  on  the  western 

end. 

It  derives  its  name  from  the  Indian  tribe  known  as  Pimas,  who  were 
found  within  its  borders  by  the  Spaniards,  and  formed  part  of  what  was 
known  to  them  at  first  as  Pimeria  and  later  as  Papagueria. 

The  western  portion  of  the  county,  bordering  the  line  of  the  Mexican 
state  of  Sonora,  is  a  series  of  wide,  rolling  plains,  with  detached  mountains 
and  isolated  peaks.  These  mountains  are  rocky  and  rugged,  the  plains 
covered  with  grass  and  shrubs  and  in  some  places  with  mesquite  and 
stunted  native  timber.  Surface  water  is  generally  scarce,  and  did  not 
every  mountain,  peak  and  butte  contain  rich  deposits  of  the  precious 
metals,  the  natural  attractions  would  be  few. 

South  of  Tucson  the  county  is  made  up  of  grassy  plains,  rolling  hills 
and  lofty  mountains.  East,  to  the  line  of  Cochise,  it  is  of  similar  char- 
acter, while  to  the  north  the  horizon  is  filled  with  the  massive  chain 
of  the  Santa  Catalinas.  South  and  east  the  county  is  crossed  by  the 
Santa  Rita,  Patagonia,  Whetstone  and  Atascoso  ranges,  and  is  one  of 
the  most  delightful  portions  of  Arizona.  The  mountains  are  clothed  with 
verdure,  and  the  valleys  and  glens  afford  the  finest  grazing  to  be  found 
in  the  West. 

Water  is  seldom  wanting,  and  the  valleys  of  the  Sta.  Cruz,  Sonoita, 
Babacomari,  Sopori  and  Arivaca  are  not  exceeded  for  beauty  and  fer- 
tility. In  the  Santa  Rita.  Santa  Catalina  and  Patagonia  mountains  are 
many  lovely  vales,  and  the  climate  is  simply  perfect,  even  during  the 
hottest  days  of  summer. 

The  Santa  Cruz  river  flows  through  the  county  from  its  source  in  the 
Patagonia  range  to  the  boundary  of  Maricopa;  the  Sonoita  is  one  of  it' 


12  Treasure  Laml. 

tributaries  in  the  south  and  carries  quite  a  volume  of  water.  The  Rillito, 
which  receives  the  waters  of  the  Pantano  Cienega,  enters  the  Santa  Cruz 
just  below  Tucson.  The  Arivaca  and  Sopori  creeks  are  ever-running 
streams,  and  water  can  be  obtained  at  moderate  depths  all  over  the  east- 
ern part  of  the  county. 

Thirty  per  cent,  of  the  land  of  Pima  county  can  be  successfully  irri- 
gated and  reclaimed  by  a  system  of  ditches,  sub-drainage  pipes  and  ivs- 
ervoirs  for  water  storage  at  a  reasonable  outlay,  and  hundreds  of  acres 
thus  added  to  the  cultivable  area,  at  an  average  cost  of  reclamation  of 
$0  per  acre.  Wheat,  barley,  oats,  alfalfa,  hay,  corn,  sorghum,  tobacco, 
potatoes,  peas,  beans,  beets,  all  kinds  of  vegetables,  fruit,  etc.,  can  be 
produced  on  these  lands.  The  yield  of  wheat,  barley  and  oats  will  be 
from  thirty-five  to  forty  bushels  per  acre;  corn,  from  forty  to  sixty 
bushels;  hay,  three  tons,  and  alfalfa,  five  to  seven  tons. 

There  are  130  miles  of  irrigation  ditches  in  the  county,  largely  sit- 
uated in  the  Santa  Cruz,  Sonoita  and  Rillito  valleys.  The  aggregate  cost 
of  building  same  is  estimated  at  $150,000.  A  new  ditch,  seven  miles  in 
length,  was  recently  taken  from  the  Santa  Cruz,  north  of  the  town  of 
Tucson,  and  about  1,500  additional  acres  put  under  cultivation.  The  ir- 
rigation capacity  of  all  the  canals  in  the  county  is  estimated  at  12,000 
acres. 

The  population  is  estimated  at  20,000,  or  one-fifth  of  the  total  popula- 
tion of  the  territory,  and  at  least  one-tenth  of  these  are  actively  engaged 
in  mining. 

The  average  rainfall  is  about  thirteen  inches,  the  heaviest  precipita- 
tion occurring  generally  in  the  mouths  of  July  and  November. 

There  are  about  1,000.000  acres  of  surveyed  land  in  the  county,  with 
filings  on  only  86,000. 

At  a  conservative  estimate  there  are  about  175  mines  being  operated 
in  Pima  county.  The  principal  ones  produce  gold,  silver,  copper,  lead 
and  iron  ores.  There  are  also  quarries  of  marble,  building  stone  and  lime- 
stone. 

Gold  and  silver  bullion  and  placer  gold  were  extracted  from  mines  in 
Pima  county  aggregating,  probably,  $500,000. 

The  base  bullion  produced  of  gold,  silver,  copper  and  lead  ore,  and 
shipped  by  railroad  to  eastern  smelters  and  refiners,  exceeds  1,500  tons. 
and  in  ingot  copper  and  matte,  about  500  tons. 

The  Tucson  Mining  and  Smelting  Company  (a  small  copper  plant 
operated  by  foreign  capital  near  Tucson)  received  for  the  fiscal 
year  ended  "June  30,  1896.  2.200,000  pounds  of  ore  and  shipped  262,751 
pounds  of  copper  bullion  and  228,548  pounds  of  matte. 

The  Empire  Mining  and  Smelting  Company  has  lately  erected  a  100- 
ton  lead-silver  smelter  near  Crittenden,  which  will  be  enlarged  at  an  early 
date. 

The  principal  towns  are  Tucson,  Nogales,  Arivaca,  Oro  Blanco,  Crit- 
tenden and  Harshaw. 

The  assessed  value  of  all  property  in  the  county  is  $4,000,000,  but  this 
can  not  be  taken  to  represent  more  than  40  per  cent,  of  the  true  value. 
The  erroneous  idea  of  under-valuation  of  property  and  comparatively  high 
rate  of  taxation  prevails  here,  as  in  most  other  new  countries.  The  highest 
county  and  territorial  tax  rate  is  $3.50  per  $100,  being  a  trifle  over  $2  on 
a  just  valuation. 

Two  main  lines  of  railroad  cross  the  county,  the  Southern  Pacific  and 
Sonora  road,  which  latter  runs  from  Benson  to  the  seaport  of  Guaymas. 
on  the  Gulf  of  California.  These  have  other  connections,  which,  while 
they  do  not  properly  belong  to  a  description  of  Pima  county,  feed  its 
commerce. 


tintf  What  is  this  Treasure  Land  .'  13 

Tarantulas          Some  of  our  very  credulous  visitors  pass  the  first  few 

.  -weeks  of  their  residence  here  in  a  state  of  feverish  ex- 

*!**  citement  that  seriously  interferes  with  the  complete  en- 

RattlesnakCS.       joyment  of  our  wonderful  climate.     They  mistake  the 

cheerful  chirp  of  the  cricket  for  the  whirr  of  rattles,  and. 

under  the  influence  of  an  excited  imagination,  a  common,  every-day  New 

England  cockroach  becomes  anything  from  a  pterodactyl  to  a  dinosaurus. 

They  miss  the  familiar  domestic  pests  which  frequently  invade  the 
boudoirs  of  the  pleasant  East;  they  find  none  of  the  nimble  fleas  that  wor- 
ried them  in  California,  and  the  voice  of  the  mosquito  is  hardly  ever 
heard  in  the  land. 

Curiosity  succeeds  dread,  and  they  crave  for  a  glimpse  of  the  deadly 
monsters  of  the  arid  regions,  and  want  to  be  introduced  to  the  fiery  perils 
of  the  trackless  deserts.  They  are  willing  to  endure  the  lack  of  domestic 
vermin  and  mosquitoes,  but  can  not  return  East  without  interviewing  a 
few  tarantulas  and  rattlesnakes.  Then  we  show  them  some  specimens  of 
our  choicest  varieties  (which  we  keep  in  alcohol  for  this  purpose),  and  they 
wearily  exclaim:  "We  have  bigger  than  these  at  home." 

It  is  a  sad  blow  to  our  local  pride  to  have  to  face  this  fact,  and  if  the 
pressure  continues  we  shall  be  compelled  to  import  some  vermin  from  the 
East  in  order  to  maintain  our  reputation  and  satisfy  the  morbid  cravings  of 
health-seekers.  Still,  we  can  not  be  the  first  in  everything! 

Speaking  soberly,  a  man  may  live  in  Arizona  a  year  or  more  and  see 
nothing  more  venomous  than  a  cockroach  or  a  cricket,  unless  he  invades 
the  saloons.  If  he  goes  out  hunting  in  the  foothills  of  the  Sierras  or  tra- 
verses the  grassy  mesas,  he  may  encounter  a  tarantula  or  a  rattlesnake,  but 
they  will  avoid  him  if  they  can,  as  they  are  not  of  social  dispositions  and 
prefer  to  meditate  in  solitude.  Should  he  see  any,  he  will  compare  them, 
with  respect  to  size  and  beauty,  with  those  he  has  met  elsewhere,  and 
wonder  how  we  achieved  our  reputation.  He  will  also  learn  that  they  have 
less  venom,  or  a  poorer  quality,  than  those  found  in  moist,  hot  regions,  such 
as  South  Carolina  and  Florida,  and  their  bite  is  only  fatal  when  an  excess 
of  antidote  is  imbibed. 

We  hate  to  disappoint  our  friends,  but,  really,  we  are  compelled  to 
puncture  the  prevailing  idea  that  Southern  Arizona  is  a  desert  inhabited 
by  rattlesnakes  and  tarantulas.  The  only  deserts  we  can  refer  the  traveler 
to  are  in  Mexico,  two  hundred  miles  away.  We  have  not  personally  in- 
spected them,  and  therefore  can  not  state  positively  how  much  vivid  imag- 
ination or  other  stimulants  will  be  required  to  produce  the  best  results. 

The  following,  story  is  introduced  solely  to  mitigate  the  effect  of  our 
iconoclastic  remarks  and  has  no  moral  worth  mentioning.  The  narrators 
were  introduced  to  us  as  "Honest  Jim  of  Pantano  and  A  Friend."  We  pre- 
sume that  it  was  A  Friend's  particular  business  to  verify  Jim's  affidavits 
and  make  it  unnecessary  for  him  to  require  change  for  a  quarter. 

The  Tarantula     "The  finest  taranchula  I  ever  seen  was  at  Lyin'  gulch,  in 
the  Santa  Ritas.     I  was  samplin'  some  likely  croppin's 

and  the  when  I  heard  a  spat  and  a  whirr  like  as  if  a  mountain 

Mountain  Lion.    ^"*n  was  nroun'<  so  I  clum  up  a  boulder  an'  waited. 

It  was  a  lyin  sure  enough— about  the  size  of  a  three- 
year-old  steer— an'  he  squatted  just  below,  glarin'  at  me  as  if  I'd  jumped 
his  claim.  Very  soon  he  rose  up  an'  swung  his  tail  backwards  an'  for- 
wards, an'  then  back  again,  till  it  was  movin'  easy,  an'  come  for  me. 

I  stuck  my  toes  into  the  rock  an'  hung  head  down,  till  the  lyin  had 
made  his  jump,  an'  then  resoomed  my  seat  an'  offered  to  bet  him  the 
drinks  he  couldn't  do  it  again. 

This  made  him  swish  his  tail  swisher  than  ever,  an'  it  struck  again'  a 
rock  an'  hurt  itself,  which  made  him  so  bilin'  mad  that  he  made  another 
play  for  me  just  as  I  got  down  again. 


14  Treasure  Land. 

This  racket  kep'  repeatiu'  so  long  that  my  toes  were  about  worn  out 
diggin'  into  the  boulder,  but  just  as  I  was  about  givin'  up,  a  taranchula, 
about  a  foot  high,  came  out  to  sun  himself  and  intervoo  the  neighbors, 
an'  the  lyin's  tail  caught  him  right  in  the  Jaw  before  he  could  put  up 
his  hands,  so  to  speak. 

The  taranchula  was  madder  than  two  wet  hens  an'  couldn't  speak  for 
cussin',  but  he  clings  on  to  that  tail  like  a  pipe-wrench. 

Now,  the  lyin  had  been  jumpin'  backwards  an'  forwards  an'  back 
again  so  much  that  he  couldn't  stop  himself;  so  he  just  kept  sailin' 
through  the  air  while  the  taranchula  bit  and  bit  till  the  pizen  begins  to 
work  an'  the  lyin  to  swell. 

I  got  off  my  perch  and  rolled  over  on  the  groun',  laffin'  so  hard  that 
I  couldn't  see;  an'  the  lyin  kept  swellin'  and  swellin'  till  he  swoll  so 
much  that  he  floated  off  in  the  air  like  a  balloon,  clear  out  of  sight,  with 
the  taranchula  still  hanging  on  to  his  tail." 

"That  yarn  wouldn't  be  much  with  the  lyin  left  out,"  remarked  A 
Friend,  in  a  deep  tone  of  voice;  "but  it's  true  as  gospel,  for  I  finally 
landed  that  tarantla  myself.  I  was  out  huntin'  that  same  day  an'  saw 
what  I  took  to  bp  a  large  eagle  flyin'  above  me.  It  was  so  far  off  I  could 
hardly  see  it,  but  I  took  a  shot  for  luck.  It  fell  about  a  mile  off,  an'  when 
I  reached  the  object  it  was  a  tarantla  as  big  as  a  Californy  mule.  Gen- 
tlemen, I  reckon  that  was  Jim's  tarantla,  an'  he'd  swallered  the  lyin  to  got 
back  his  pizen,  so's  to  be  able  to  continner  business  at  the  old  stand." 


THE  STOPY  or  THE 


SUN -KISSED  LAND. 


RUINS  OF  CASA  GRANDE. 


What  is  the  ancient  story  of  the  land  ? 
Can  crumbling  tower  and  mouldering  ruin  tell — 
Wide  furrowed  plains  and  miles  of  broad  canal— 
The  hill  forts  and  the  niches  in  the  cliffs  f 
Lost  is  the  ancient  story,  and  we  give 
The  modern  history  of  men  who  reared 
New  cities,  and  re-plowed  the  weedy  fields, 
And  neir  aligned  the  old  canals. 


16 


Treasure  Latin. 


THE  EIRST  EXPLORERS. 

The  reader  having  now  located  Ari- 
zona with  reasonable  certainty,  will  be 
curious  to  learn  something  of  its  early 
history,  and  in  the  following  pages  we 
shall  endeavor  to  give  him  some  in- 
formation on  the  subject. 

Setting  aside  as  unprofitable  all 
speculations  respecting  the  ancient  in- 
habitants, the  history  begins  from  the 
advent  of  Europeans,  and  is  full  of  ro- 
mance. 

In  June,  1527,  Faiifilo  de  Narvaez 
set  sail  from  Spain  with  a  fleet  of  five 
ships  and  a  force  of  GOO  men,  and, 
after  several  disasters,  was  driven 
by  a  storm  to  the  western  coast  of 
Florida.  He  landed  with  300  men  and 
forty  horses  and  proceeded  inland, 
while  the  fleet  follo\ved  the  coast,  the 
forces  expecting  to  reunite  thereafter. 
They  never  met,  however,  for  after 
many  perilous  adventures  only  four  of 

the  land  expedition  survived,  and  these  crossed  the  continent,  passing 
through  the  southeastern  corner  of  Arizona,  and  finally  reaching  the  Span- 
ish camps  on  the  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  California. 

One  of  this  band  of  bold  adventurers  was  a  negro  slave,  Estevanico,  and 
to  him  belongs  the  honor  of  being  one  of  the  earliest  explorers  of  the 
southern  portion  of  the  present  United  States.  His  subsequent  history 
proves  him  to  have  been  a  man  of  high  intelligence  and  enterprise,  and  as 
fearless  and  ambitious  as  any  of  the  cavaliers  who  carried  the  banner  of 
Spain  through  the  wilderness  of  the  New  World.  He  was  an  honor  to  his 
race,  and  the  colored  citizens  of  this  republic  should  perpetuate  his  memory, 
and  we  suggest  a  monument  in  Central  park,  New  York. 

The  negro,  Estevanico,  afterwards  became  the  property  of  the  Viceroy 
of  Mexico,  and,  no  doubt,  influenced  his  master  to  form  projects  for  the 
further  exploration  of  the  great  Northwest. 

In  1538  a  party,  accompanied  by  Father  Juan  Olmedo,  made  an  expedi- 
tion to  the  north  and  returned  with  reports  of  the  wonderful  wealth  and 
civilization  of  the  inhabitants,  but  was  unable  to  reach  the  famous  seven 
cities  of  Cibola,  the  people  of  which  were  said  to  be  as  civilized  and  opu- 
lent as  the  Aztecs. 

The  first  organized  effort  was  made  by  Father  Marcos  de  Niza.  chief  of 
the  Franciscans  at  Culiacau,  which  place  he  left  on  March  7,  1539,  being 
accompanied  by  the  negro,  Estevanico,  and  a  number  of  the  natives. 

The  party  proceeded  northward  through  the  present  Mexican  state  of 
Sonora  and  halted  at  Bacapa,  in  the  Santa  Cruz  valley,  near  the  prescm 
site  of  Tucson.  Bacapa,  or,  as  it  was  afterwards  called,  Bac.  was  a  settle- 
ment of  considerable  size  and  well  provided  with  provisions.  Here  the 
negro  was  sent  ahead  to  explore  the  way,  and,  sending  back  favorable  re- 
ports, Father  Niza  proceeded  onward,  following  the  Santa  Cruz  to  the  In- 
dian settlements  on  the  Gila  river. 

Meanwhile  the  adventurous  negro  pushed  onward,  ambitious  to  be  the 
first  to  penetrate  the  secrets  of  the  far-famed  cities  of  Cibola,  design  ing. 
perhaps,  to  emulate  the  achievements  of  Cortez.  At  every  important  land 
mark  he  erected  wooden  crosses  to  point  the  way  for  those  who  followed. 
or  he  sent  back  messengers  with  crosses  in  their  hands  to  cheer  the  Father 
and  his  weary  companions. 


Tin'  Sfnrt/  of  tin1  Sun  -KixM'd  Lanil.  17 

At  last  he  reached  the  goal  of  his  hopes,  but  the  Cibolans  expected  uo 
god  of  his  color,  and  killed  him  and  several  of  his  followers. 

The  remaining  members  of  the  pioneer  party  hurried  back  to  Father 
Niza  to  warn  him  of  the  danger  ahead  and  recount  the  fate  of  their  com- 
panions; but  the  fearless  Franciscan  calmed  their  troubled  minds  and,  re- 
lying on  the  power  of  the  cross,  hurried  forward  and  soon  obtained  a 
glimpse  of  one  of  the  great  cities,  which  appeared  to  him  to  be  richer  and 
more  populous  than  Mexico. 

According  to  the  custom  of  those  days,  he  set  up  a  cross  and  solemnly 
took  possession  of  the  country  for  the  crown  of  Spain,  and  then  took  the 
shortest  route  home  before  the  new  subjects  could  realize  what  had  hap- 
pened them. 

According  to  his  sworn  statement,  duly  made  to  the  proper  authorities, 
it  was  a  marvelous  country,  and  he  regretted  that  he  did  not  feel  able  to 
paint  the  wonders  he  had  seen  in  colors  sufficiently  glowing. 

Cortez,  and  some  other  skeptical  or  envious  persons,  were  of  the  opinion 
that  Father  Niza  seriously  fractured  the  truth  for  political  purposes,  but 
the  country  he  traversed  is  in  evidence  to  sustain  his  veracity,  and  if  the 
cities  of  Cibola  did  not  eventually  come  up  to  his  expectations,  he  should 
not  be  blamed. 

According  to  some  accounts,  the  murder  of  Estevanico  was  provoked 
by  his  flirtations  with  some  of  the  leading  ladies  of  Cibola,  which  aroused 
the  jealous  ire  of  their  lords;  but  this  is  probably  a  fiction,  invented  by 
envious  cavaliers  to  mar  the  luster  of  his  fame.  Had  he  been  a  white  man, 
it  would  never  have  been  mentioned.  Even  if  it  be  true,  the  fact  does  not 
detract  from  his  reputation  as  a  daring  explorer,  and  he  only  mildly  emu- 
lated the  gallant  conquerors  of  Mexico. 

Father  Niza's  efforts  in  the  exploration  line  were  evidently  appreciated 
by  the  church,  for  he  was  shortly  afterwards  appointed  Provincial  of  the 
Franciscans.  Probably  he  thought  solely  of  the  souls  to  be  saved,  and 
knowing  that  the  cavaliers  could  only  be  influenced  to  conquer  by  induce- 
ments of  wealth,  inserted  some  prize  packages  in  his  narrative.  Let  this 
be  as  it  may,  his  account  was  finally  conceded  to  be  as  reliable  as  others 
of  the  kind,  and  in  1540  an  expedition  was  sent  out,  under  Coronado,  to 
verify  his  affidavits. 

The  party  consisted  of  300  Spaniards  and  800  Indians,  Niza  accompany- 
ing Coronado  with  an  advance  guard,  and  the  main  body  following  at  some 
distance. 

Coronado  generally  followed  the  route  taken  by  Niza,  passing  up  the 
Santa  Cruz  valley  to  Bac,  which  he  also  found  populous  and  thriving,  and 
reaching  the  Casa  Grande  on  the  Gila,  which  he  described  as  "a  great  red 
house  in  ruins." 

The  explorers  met  with  opposition  from  the  Cibolans,  but  finally  sub- 
dued the  country,  and  were  disappointed  when  they  found  nothing  but 
agricultural  settlements,  and  none  of  the  opulence  they  had  looked  for. 

Father  Niza,  however,  was  quite  satisfied.  The  country  had  been  sub- 
jected to  Spanish  dominion,  and  the  church  could  now  do  the  rest.  Mis- 
sionaries were  placed  along  the  route  to  inaugurate  the  good  work,  and  re- 
mained at  their  stations  after  Coronado's  army  practically  abandoned  the 
country,  in  1542.  They  founded  several  settlements  in  the  Santa  Cruz  val- 
ley, and  continued  with  the  natives  even  when  their  connection  with  the 
government  in  Mexico  was  severed.  Among  others,  the  settlement  in  the 
vicinity  of  Tucson  was  permanently  established  under  the  name  of  Bac  or 
Hacapa;  and  when,  after  several  generations  had  passed,  a  new  crusade 
began,  the  missionaries  of  the  seventeenth  century  found  the  Indians  at 
P.ac  fully  prepared  for  the  work,  and  churches  arose,  as  if  by  magic,  all 
along  the  valley. 

It  is  true  that  until  the  latter  half  of  the  seventeenth  century  there  is 
little  record  of  the  doings  of  the  Spaniards  in  Arizona,  and  for  this  reason 


J8  Treasure  Land. 

it  has  been  assumed  that  nothing  was  done.  The  absence  of  records  ac- 
cessible to  the  historian  is  to  be  regretted,  but  the  fact  does  not  prove  that 
there  was  nothing  to  record.  We  know  that  for  certain  periods,  during  the 
first  half  of  the  present  century,  the  records  are  so  insignificant  that  it 
might  be  argued  that  the  country  wa-s  abandoned;  but  it  was  not,  for  men 
who  were  alive  within  the  last  few  years  knew  to  the  contrary. 

The  Picacho  de  Metates,  west  of  Tucson;  the  turquoise  mines  in  the  Sil 
ver  Belle  district  and  elsewhere,  were  known  to  the  Aztecs,  as  also  its  min- 
eral wealth.  The  ruins  of  the  settlements  of  the  ancient  miners  are  still 
in  evidence;  the  rock  can-ings  near  them  are  of  an  entirely  different  char- 
acter from  those  found  in  other  parts  of  Arizona,  being  for  the  most  ]>:ui 
astronomical  symbols. 

The  Spaniards  on  the  frontier  had  no  incentive  to  furnish  information 
to  the  official  cormorants  of  Mexico,  who  confiscated  every  revealed  treas 
ure,  and  hence,  Avhen  the  church  or  laity  stumbled  on  a  good  thing,  they 
kept  their  own  counsel.  There  is,  too,  every  reason  to  believe  that  it  was 
no  more  unusual  then  than  it  has  been  since,  for  the  common  Spaniard,  the 
rank  and  file,  to  amalgamate  with  the  Indians,  especially  with  such  peace 
ful  tribes  as  those  inhabiting  the  fertile  valleys  of  Southern  Arizona. 

The  antagonism  between  the  members  of  the  Franciscan  and  Jesuit 
orders  may  account  for  the  absence  of  some  of  the  records  required  to  com- 
plete the  history  of  settlement,  and  the  acts  of  hostile  Indians  must  also  be 
considered. 

When  the  Jesuits  arrived  they  were  not  so  well  acquainted  with  the 
conditions  as  those  who  preceded  them,  and  their  mining  operations 
were  soon,  apparently,  paralyzed  by  the  extravagant  claims  of  the  king  of 
Spain,  whose  "royal  patrimony"  was  held  to  cover  all  mineral  treasures. 
Silver  mining  was,  consequently,  abandoned,  this  metal  being  too  bulky 
to  smuggle  through  the  lines  of  hungry  officials;  but  gold  was  found  to  lie 
just  as  valuable  and  more  easily  concealed.  The  church  and  laity,  therefore, 
were  compelled  to  adopt  a  gold  standard,  and  exploited  this  metal  wherever 
it  could  be  found. 

The  writer  has  visited  several  ancient  mines,  the  ore  of  which  carried 
both  metals,  one  or  other  predominating,  and  noted  with  some  curiosity 
that  it  had  been  carefully  separated,  the  portions  richest  in  silver  being 
left  on  the  dump;  and  when  this  metal  predominated  across  the  whole  vein, 
work  was  invariably  abandoned. 

The  appearance  on  the  scene  of  Father  Ensebius  Kuhn,  or  Kino,  as  he: 
is  usually  called,  revived  missionary  interest  in  Arizona.  Kino  was  born  in 
the  Austrian  province  of  Tyrol,  and  was  educated  partly  at  the  University 
of  Ingoldstadt,  in  Bavaria.  After  a  serious  illness  he  adopted  the  name  of 
Francisco,  and  vowed  to  devote  his  life  to  the  conversion  of  American 
heathen.  He  was  a  mathematician  and  astronomer,  and  remarkably  en- 
dowed with  virtue  and  intelligence.  He  probably  joined  the  Jesuit  order 
in  California,  about  1684. 

He  reached  the  field  of  his  future  labors  in  1087,  and  five  years  later 
visited  the  Santa  Cruz  valley,  passing  by  the  Santa  Rita  mountains  and 
through  the  settlements  of  Tubac  and  Tucson.  The  narrative  of  his  jour- 
ney speaks  of  settlements  already  founded,  although  there  was  no  record 
at  the  time  showing  the  previous  presence  of  missionaries  in  the  country! — a 
most  remarkable  confirmation  of  our  views. 

In  1G94  Fathers  Kino  and  Mange  made  a  tour  of  inspection,  regular 
missions  having  been  established  during  the  previous  three  or  four  years 
at  Guevavi,  San  Cayetano,  Tumacacori  and  San  Xavier  del  Bac.  Father 
Kino  gave  glowing  reports  of  the  condition  of  the  country  as  a  field  for 
missionary  work,  but  failed  to  secure  any  hearty  cooperation.  His  zeal 
never  relaxed,  however,  and  his  labors  continued  unremittingly  until  he 
died,  in  1711. 


Tin    sfnry  of  Ike  Hini-Kiwtl  Limit.  10 

The  These  ruins,   of  which   we  give  an   illustration   on  the 

title  page,  are  situate  in  the  Casa  Grande  valley,  about 

Case  Grande         seventy-five    miles    northwest    of   Tucson,    and    are    re- 

Rtlins.  garded  as  the  most  interesting  remains  of  the  prehistoric 

age  found  on  this  continent. 

The  front  of  the  main  building  measures  sixty  feet  and  forty-three 
feet  wide.  The  first  story  is  thirteen  feet  high;  the  second,  nine  feet; 
third  and  fourth,  eight  feet.  The  greater  part  of  the  upper  story  has  dis- 
appeared. The  walls  are  between  four  and  five  feet  thick  and  the  material 
of  which  they  are  constructed  is  almost  indestructible  concrete,  made  of 
fine  gravel,  sand  and  cement,  closely  resembling  granotitsic  now  used  in 
Washington.  The  walls,  both  inside  and  outside,  are  plastered  with  ce- 
ment, which  clings  to  them  with  wonderful  tenacity,  on-  the  inside  being 
smooth  and  glossy,  as  the  best  hard-finished  interiors  of  the  present  day. 

The  lower  story  is  nearly  filled  up  with  crumbling  debris  and  drifting 
sand  of  the  plains.  The  holes  in  which  the  ceiling  timbers  were  placed 
are  plainly  visible,  but  every  particle  has  been  carried  away  by  relic 
hunters,  and  the  disintegration  of  the  walls  has  been  so  rapid  of  late 
years  that  if  measures  are  not  immediately  taken  to  strengthen  them, 
the  whole  structure  will  fall  into  a  shapeless  ruin. 

For  miles  around  the  mysterious  Casa  Grande,  mounds,  now  hardly 
distinguishable  from  the  desert  sands,  bear  indisputable  evidence  of  hav- 
ing been  at  some  remote  period,  adobe  structures. 

The  most  ancient  traditions  of  the  Pimas  and  Papagos,  who  yet  live 
here  whore  their  fathers  lived  for  centuries,  alluded  to  them  as  "ruins." 
The  earliest  historic  record  we  have  of  the  Casa  Grande  was  given  by 
the  famous  Spanish  cavalier  and  explorer,  Cabeza  de  Vaca.  who  discovered 
it  during  his  journey  across  the  continent  about  1537.  A  few  years  later, 
the  famous  explorer.  Don  Francisco  de  Coronado,  who  led  an  expedition 
into  New  Mexico,  states  that  the  Pima  Indians  had  no  knowledge  of  the 
origin  or  history  of  the  town  which  they  believed  had  existed  there.  It 
had  always  been  ruins  to  them  and  to  their  ancestors.  Kino  and  Mange, 
who  visited  there  in  1694,  also  gave  an  account  of  twelve  other  ruins  in 
the  vicinity.  Father  Pedro  Faut,  in  1777,  found  them  in  much  the  same 
condition.  He  describes  the  main  building  as  an  oblong  square,  facing 
the  cardinal  points  of  the  compass,  the  exterior  wall  extending  from  north 
to  south  430  feet,  and  from  oast  to  west  320  feet. 

The  theory  has  been  advanced  that  the  Aztecs,  whose 
Ancient  civilization  culminated  in  the  Valley  of  Mexico,  passed 

through  Arizona,  leaving  behind  them,  at  different  points, 
Fortifications.  members  of  their  tribes  whose  faith  was  weak  or  who 

were  unfitted  otherwise  to  be  factors  in  the  evolution 
of  a  great  nation.  This  theory  accounts  for  the  records  of  ancient  civiliza- 
tion found  on  all  our  hills  and  in  all  our  valleys.  Southern  Arizona  was 
at  one  time  densely  populated;  this  must  have  been  before  the  segregation 
of  the  higher  types  who  afterwards  founded  the  Aztec  empire  overthrown 
by  the  Spaniards.  After  the  lapse  of  years,  perhaps  centuries,  other  seg- 
regations took  place,  and  the  Zuni  and  Moqui  civilizations  were  founded. 
These  were  the  more  advanced  spirits,  and  those  left  behind  may  be  re- 
garded as  the  refuse  of  the  ancient  race,  who  lacked  alike  energy  to 
move  and  the  courage  to  maintain  themselves  against  the  incursions  of  a 
savage  race,  which  had  for  a  long  time  threatened  them  with  annihila- 
tion. Cultivation  of  the  soil  was  neglected,  the  wonderful  storage  reser- 
voirs and  extensive  canals  left  them  as  a  heritage  were  filled  by  the 
winds  with  the  dust  of  unregai-ded  fields,  and  the  huge  temples,  gran- 
aries and  homes  of  their  race  were  abandoned  to  the  Apache  marauder. 
The  struggle  for  existence  and  the  assaults  of  their  enemies  depleted  their 


20  Ti'Cdxur 

ranks  and  caused  them  to  lose  the  memory  of  the  vanished  civilization 
they  had  shared.  New  wants  and  conditions  modified  their  forms  and 
features  and  even  changed  their  language,  so  that  their  descent  can  only 
be  traced  circumstantially. 

During  this  period  of  disintegration,  every  hill  became  a  fort  and  every 
peak  a  watch-tower;  the  first  for  defense,  and  the  second  in  order  to  give 
the  trembling  laborers  in  the  fields  timely  warning  of  the  approach  of 
oneinies. 

Hence  nearly  every  hilltop  in  Southern  Arizona  is  found  to  be  walled 
with  circles  of  stone,  sometimes  from  base  to  summit,  a  precaution  that 
shows  the  acuteness  of  the  struggle  for  existence.  On  the  Saddle  mount- 
ain, west  of  Tucson,  there  are  seven  circles  of  fortification  and  the  ruins 
of  rough  habitations  on  the  summit.  Sentinel  peak  was  used  as  a  watch- 
tower,  and  fires  were  built  to  give  warning  of  danger.  In  the  Sierrita 
mountains  we  find  on  the  crest  of  Santo  Domingo,  not  only  rough  fortifica- 
tions, but  a  line  of  stone  buildings,  apparently  designed  to  shelter  the  fam- 
ilies of  the  tribesmen.  These  were  probably  stored  with  water  and  provis- 
ions at  convenient  seasons,  and  became  a  place  of  common  refuge  during 
times  of  trouble. 


Less  than  a  mile  from  the  center  of  Tucson,  on  the 
Indian  s^e   °^  *ne   va^ey'    reached   by    a   shady   lane   through 

fields,  gardens  and  orchards,  is  a  dark  colored  hill  oov- 
ROCk  Carving1.      ered  Avith  rocks  thrown  up  in  Titanic  heaps,  called  the 
Picacho  de  Metates. 

Here  the  ancient  people  found  a  peculiar  lava  stone,  sonorous  as  iron 
and  as  durable  as  steel,  from  which  they  manufactured  the  nictates  and 
IIHIIIOS  used  in  grinding  corn. 

These  were  shipped  to  all  parts  of  the  country,  and  there  is  every  rea- 
son to  suppose  that  the  Aztecs  drew  their  supply  largely  from  this  point. 

That  the  manufacture  of  these  necessary  implements  was  carried  on 
extensively  at  one  time  is  proven  by  the  abundance  of  chips,  and  the  curi- 
ous searcher  will  frequently  find  half  finished  stones,  abandoned  because 
of  defective  material. 

The  surface  of  the  rock  is,  apparently,  calcined  to  a  deep  iron  purple, 
but  beneath  the  crust  the  material  is  a  bluish  grey  color.  All  over  the  hill 
there  are  rocks  carved  with  grotesque  figures  cut  by  the  ancient  workers, 
some  of  them  so  faint  with  age  as  to  be  barely  decipherable. 

The  writer  copied  a  number  of  these  "paintings,"  as  they  are  errone- 
ously called,  and  believing  that  they  were  intended  to  convey  some  mean- 
ing, spent  a  considerable  time  in  seeking  their  interpretation. 

The  result  of  his  labors  is  given  in  this  section,  and,  if  he  is  eorreet  in 
his  readings,  they  show  a  depth  of  thought  and  power  of  observation  far 
beyond  what  we  might  have  expected  of  the  primitive  people  who  made 
them. 

This  might  be  mistaken  for  an  individual  making 
antics  before  a  mirror,  or  a  progenitor  of  the  modern  pugilist 
overcoming  the  resistance  of  a  bag  of  wind.  The  object  to 
the  left  is  neither  a  mirror  nor  a  wind-bag  ;  it  is  a  sworn 
statement  intended  to  defeat  the  election  of  some  ambitious 
chief,  and  the  party  to  the  right  is  evidently  breaking  his 
back  in  an  effort  to  make  a  truthful  affidavit.  The  modern 
Arizonian  is  noted  for  the  number  and  strength  of  his 
affidavits  under  similar  circumstances,  and  it  is  strange  to 
find  that  this  method  of  lying  has  the  seal  of  antiquity,  and 
is,  we  might  say,  native  to  the  soil. 


The  Slori/  of  tin-  ,sv///-A'/.s.s.srf  Land. 


fHMssions. 


21 


Cliff  dwellings  and  other  evidences  of  prehistoric  races  that  exist  in 
Arizona  invoke  idle  speculation,  but  the  desolate  and  crumbling  temples 
built  by  the  early  fathers  awaken  a  lively  sympathy  and  admiration. 
The  devotion  and  enterprise  of  these  spiritual  pioneers,  who  arrived 
with  the  cross  and  invaded  the  homes  of  the  savages  to  extend  the  do- 
minion of  the  church,  command  our  respect,  and  inspire  us,  not  with  spec- 
ulative wonder,  but  with  real  interest. 

They  lived  almost  within  the  memory  of  man,  and  the  fruit  of  their 
industry  and  zeal  has  outlived  the  devastation  of  savagery  and  time.  Their 
temples  were  raised  to  an  ever-living  God;  the  rites  they  practiced  in  the 


OLD  MISSIONS  :    1.  Ruins  of  San  Agustin,  near  TUCMJ 

2.  San  Xavier,  near  Tucson. 

3.  Ruins  of  Tumacacori. 

4.  Altar  of  San  Xavier. 


wilderness  still  move  the  faithful  heart,  and  the  holy  doctrines  they  taught 
continue  to  smooth  the  path  of  life  and  lay  the  foundations  for  eternity! 

The  mission  ruins  give  their  own  history,  as  the  upheaved  strata  of 
the  earth  record  the  geological  changes  worked  by  Time. 

The  crumbling  walls,  the  tottering  towers,  and  facades  rudely  scnlp- 
luivd,  are  monuments  to  the  industry  of  the  vanished  devotees;  the  sacred 
cross,  emblem  of  the  faith  and  hope  they  worked  and  lived  for,  still  crowns 
the  white  basilica,  and  mutely  claims  the  adoration  of  the  passing  vaquero: 
the  ill-defined  niches  along  the  caving  walls  once  served  as  sainted  shrines, 
before  which  the  half-tamed  savages  were  taught  to  bow  the  knee;  along 


22  Treasure  Land. 

the  acequia's  broken  banks,  trees  foreign  to  the  clime  bend  low  and  whisper 
to  the  passing  breeze  their  memories  of  the  lives  of  those  who  nurtured 
them.  Behind  the  pile  of  crumbling  walls  and  towers  rest  the  mortal  re- 
mains of  those  that  built,  adored  or  served— the  builders,  and  that  which 
they  built,  are  side  by  side  in  death  and  ruin!  The  soul-inspired  clay  is 
resolved  into  its  elements,  and  the  thing  of  beauty  that  it  made  is  press- 
ing back  to  the  earth  that  it  sprung  from  at  the  command  of  mind!  But 
the  work  was  not  all  in  vain,  for  nothing  is  in  vain.  The  preacher  spoke 
falsely  when  he  said  "All  is  vanity,"  for  vanity  is  only  in  the  minds  of 
men.  Acts  live  for  ever  and  build  Time  and  Eternity.  The  Fathers  per- 
formed their  allotted  work,  and  that  work  still  iives,  though  a  century  has 
passed  since  the  mission  bells  echoed  up  the  canons  to  the  hills,  bidding 
the  laborer  cease  his  toil  and  water  the  germ  of  an  immortal  hope! 

"Father  Kino  reached  Sonora  in  1867,  and  by  1690  had  es- 
The  First  tablished  four  missions. 

The  residents  of  the  Santa  Cruz  valley  were  so  urgent 

Missions.  in  their  demands  for  missionary  service,  and  the  field 

was  so  inviting,  that  the  mission  of  Guevavi,  at  the  head- 
waters of  the  Santa  Cruz  river,  was  founded,  shortly  followed  by  one  at 
Tumacacori,  near  Tubac,  and  then  another  at  San  Xavier,  near  Tucson. 
The  first  church  built  at  San  Xavier  was  a  small  and  modest  adobe  build- 
ing, hastily  erected  to  meet  the  wants  of  the  new  mission.  The  fragments 
of  records  found  in  the  church  give  an  idea  of  the  population  that  lived  in 
the  vicinity,  by  the  number  of  baptisms  which  were  yearly  administered 
from  1720  to  1767.  This  population  must  have  been  considerable.  The  rec- 
ords show  that  twenty-two  Jesuit  missionaries  successively  administered  at 
San  Xavier  between  the  dates  mentioned,  the  last  of  which  was  that  of 
their  expulsion  by  the  Spanish  government. 

This  mission  was  one  of  the  most  flourishing  until  1751,  when  the  In- 
dians revolted,  being  instigated  by  an  Indian  called  Luis,  from  Saric,  who 
preten-ded  to  be  a  wizard  of  marvelous  power. 

The  missions  that  escaped  complete  ruin  during  the  revolt,  which  lasted 
four  years,  were  hardly  started  again  when  the  Jesuits  were  expelled. 
The  Franciscan,  Father  Garcez,  found  San  Xavier  in  a  pitiable  condition, 
but  by  his  great  frugality  and  apostolic  virtues,  he  gained  the  love  and 
confidence  of  his  flock. 

In  1768  the  church  of  San  Agustin  del  Tucson  was  founded.  The 
church  itself  has  entirely  disappeared,  but  a  remnant  of  the  residence  of  the 
priests,  the  workshops  and  granaries,  still  remains,  a  mouldering  pile  of 
brown  ruins  on  the  edge  of  the  river,  ten  minutes'  walk  from  Tucson. 
This  was  sometimes  called  the  Church  of  the  Holy  Infant.  The  date  of  its 
foundation  was  lately  discovered  in  on^  of  the  records  in  the  government 
archives  at  Hermosillo,  Mexico. 

The  erection  of  the  present  San  Xavier  church  was  begun  in  1783  and 
finished  in  1797,  the  date  appearing  on  one  of  the  doors  of  the  structure. 
This  is  further  confirmed  by  the  testimony  of  a  fe>v  old  people  who  as- 
sisted at  the  dedication. 

The  brothers  Jaunas  had  charge  of  the  construction,  as  we  are  in- 
formed, and  they  afterwards  superintended  the  erection  of  similar  struc- 
tures at  Tumacacori  and  Caborca;  but  the  fathers  themselves,  as  well  as 
the  lay  brothers,  must  have  contributed  somewhat  to  the  adornment  of  The 
edifice.  No  mention,  however,  is  made  of  any  of  their  names  on  the 
records  extant." 

i 

This  illustrates  a  domestic  tragedy  and  assures  us  that 
the  corporal  punishment  of  youth  was  early  receguized  as  an 
educational  factor. 


The  Story  of  th<'  .S'«//-AV.ssvW   Lainl.  23 

The  youth  was  evidently  seized  in  the  act  of  commission  and  kicks 
and  struggles  in  his  effort  to  avoid  chastisement.  The  abnormal  develop- 
ment of  the  head  expresses  the  openness  of  feature  observed  in  modern 
children  in  like  circumstances,  and  was  the  only  method  by  which  the  rock- 
defacing  artist  could  depict  the  yells! 

Polygamy  prevailed  at  the  period,  and  the  adult  figures  represent  two 
of  the  child's  mothers. 

The  instrument  of  torture  carried  by  the  one  to  the  right  is  a  common 
switch  torn  from  a  convenient  bush,  while  the  other  displays  an  instrument 
resembling  a  boot-jack.  It  is,  however,  a  contrivance  used  by  the  Indians 
on  their  hunting  expeditions,  the  prey  being  caught  alive  and  then  choked 
to  death  between  the  forks,  as  needed. 

Description  Of      "The  site  is  well  chosen,  with  a  broad  sweep  of  plain  ami 
valley,  hemmed  in  by  purple  mountains.    The  church,  as 
the  Mission  OI      can  De  seen  by  its  arches,  surpassing  the  semicircle,  and 
San  Xavier.        the  ornamental  work  in  low  relief  which  covers  the  flat 
surfaces  of  some  parts  of  its  walls,  belongs  to  the  Moor- 
ish style. 

Over  the  ruins  of  a  wall  of  brick  and  stone  we  enter  the  atrium,  an  en- 
closure 06x33  feet,  which  separates  the  church  from  the  plaza  and  was  used 
as  a  place  for  meetings  relating  to  matters  not  directly  connected  with 
religion. 

On  the  frontispiece,  which  shows  the  width  of  the  church  with  its  two 
towers,  is  placed,  in  low  relief,  the  coat-of-arms  of  the  order  of  St.  Francis 
of  Assisi.  It  consists  of  an  escutcheon,  with  a  white  ground  filled  in  with 
a  twisted  cord,  and  a  cross  on  which  are  nailed  one  arm  of  our  Savior 
and  one  of  St.  Francis,  representing  the  union  of  the  disciple  with  the 
Divine  Master  in  charity  and  the  love  of  suffering.  The  arm  of  our  Lord 
is  bare,  while  that  of  St.  Francis  is  covered.  On  the  right  side  of  the 
escutcheon  is  the  monogram  of  Jesus,  the  Savior  of  men,  and  that  of  the 
Blessed  Virgin  Mary  on  the  left.  The  frontispiece  was  surmounted  by  a 
life-size  statue  of  St.  Francis,  which  is  now  nearly  demolished  by  the  hand 
of  time. 

The  church,  which  is  built  of  stone  and  brick,  is  105x27  feet  inside  the 
walls.  Its  form  is  that  of  a  cross,  the  transept  forming  on  each  side  of 
the  nave  a  chapel  of  twenty-one  feet  square.  The  church  has  only  one 
nave,  which  is  divided  into  six  portions,  marked  by  as  many  arches,  each 
one  resting  on  two  pillars,  set  against  the  walls.  Above  the  transept  is  a 
cupola  of  about  fifty  feet  in  elevation,  the  remainder  of  the  vaults  in  the 
church  being  only  about  thirty  feet  high. 

Going  from  the  front  door  to  the  main  altar,  there  is  on  the  right  Land 
side  wall  a  fresco  representing  the  coming  of  the  Holy  Ghost  upon  the 
disciples.  Opposite  to  it  is  the  picture,  also  in  fresco,  of  the  Last  Supper. 
Both  paintings  measure  about  9x5  feet. 

In  the  first  chapel  to  the  right  hand  of  the  two  altars,  one  facing  the 
nave  with  the  image  of  our  "Lady  of  Sorrows,"  standing  at  the  foot  of  a 
large  cross,  which  is  deeply  engraved  in  the  wall,  and  tha  other  one  with 
the  image  of  the  Immaculate  Conception.  In  the  same  chapel  are  two 
frescoes  representing  Our  Lady  of  the  Rosary  and  the  hidden  life  of  our 
Savior.  The  opposite  chapel  is  also  adorned  with  two  altars.  One  of  them 
is  dedicated  to  the  Passion  of  our  Lord,  and  the  other  to  St.  Joseph.  There 
are  also  two  paintings,  the  subjects  of  which  are  Our  Lady  of  the  Pillar 
and  The  Presentation  of  Our  Lord  in  the  Temple. 

The  main  altar,  which  stands  at  the  head  of  the  church,  facing  the  nave, 
is  dedicated  to  St.  Francis  Xavier,  the  patron  saint  the  Jesuits  had  chosen 
for  the  first  church  they  had  established  in  the  mission.  Above  the  ima.ive 
of  St.  Francis  Xavier  is  that  of  Ihe  Holy  Virgin;  between  the  statues  of  Si. 


24  TI-'-IIXIII-I-  Land. 

Peter  and  St.  Paul,  and  at  the  summit  of  the  altar  piece,  the  bust  of  God. 
the  Creator.  The  pictures  which  are  seen  on  the  walls  near  this  altar  are: 
On  the  right  hand  side,  "The  Adoration  of  the  Wise  Men,"  with  tin 
"Flight  into  Egypt;"  and  on  the  left,  "The  Adoration  of  the  Shepherds," 
with  the  "Annunciation." 

These  altars,  and  especially  the  principal  one,  are  decorated  with  col- 
umns and  a  great  profusion  of  arabesques,  in  low  relief,  all  gilded  or 
painted  with  different  colors,  according  to  the  requirements  of  the  Moorish 
style. 

Besides  the  images  we  have  mentioned  there  are  the  statues  of  the 
twelve  apostles,  placed  in  niches  cut  in  the  pillars  of  the  church,  and  many 
others,  representing  generally  some  saints  of  the  Order  of  St.  Francis. 
There  are  also  in  the  dome  of  the  cupola  the  pictures  of  several  personages 
of  the  order  who  occupied  high  rank  in  the  church. 

Returning  to  the  front  door,  we  find  two  small  openings  communicat- 
ing with  the  towers.  The  first  room  on  the  right,  which  is  formed  by  the 
inside  of  the  tower,  is  about  twelve  feet  square,  and  is  used  for  the  minis 
tration  of  baptisms.  A  similar  room,  which  is  of  no  particular  use  now. 
but  which  corresponds  to  the  mortuary  chapel  of  the  old  basilicas,  is  lo- 
cated in  the  left  tower.  From  each  one  of  these  rooms  commence  the 
stairs,  cut  in  the  thickness  of  the  walls,  and  leading  to  the  upper  stories. 
Starting  from  the  baptistery,  the  second  flight  reaches  the  choir  of  the 
church.  A  good  view  of  the  upper  part  of  the  monument  can  be  had  from 
that  place.  There  are  also  some  frescoes  worth  noticing.  These  are  the 
Holy  Family,  facing  the  main  altar;  St.  Francis,  represented  as  raptured 
by  heavenly  love,  in  a  fiery  chariot;  St.  Dominic  receiving  from  the  Blessed 
Virgin  the  mission  to  promote  the  devotion  of  the  rosary  in  the  world;  and 
the  four  Evangelists,  with  their  characteristic  attributes.  Two  flights  imnv 
lead  to  the  belfry,  where  are  four  rough  and  home-made  bells  of  small 
size.  Twenty-two  steps  more  bring  the  visitor  to  the  top  story  and  under 
the  little  dome  covering  the  tower,  an  elevation  of  about  seventy-five  feet 
above  the  ground.  Here  a  glance  can  be  cast  on  the  beautiful  and  ex- 
tensive valley  of  the  Santa  Cruz,  and  the  surrounding  country. 

One  of  the  towers,  as  can  be  seen,  was  never  completed;  it  lacks  the 
dome  and  plastering  from  the  second  story  above.  The  reason  why  it  re- 
mained unfinished  is  not  known. 

On  the  west  side  of  the  church,  separated  from  it  by  a  narrow  passage, 
is  an  inclosure  with  an  opening  on  the  north  and  a  small  chapel  standing 
at  its  western  side.  The  ground  enclosed  was  formerly  used  as  a  ci-me- 
tery,  and  the  chapel  was  the  place  where  the  dead  bodies  were  kept  until 
the  ceremony  of  the  burial  could  be  performed. 

On  the  east  side  of  the  church  is  the  mission  building,  which  formerly 
occupied  a  somewhat  extensive  space,  and  consisted  of  the  rooms  necessary 
for  the  priests,  of  a  soap  factory  and  stores  for  the  provisions.  Besides. 
there  were  several  farming  houses  conveniently  located  on  the  mission 
land.  Of  these  buildings  there  are  now  only  two  rooms,  making  a  body 
with  the  church,  and  four  extending  south  and  facing  on  the  church  plaza. 

The  little  butte  adjoining  the  church  shows,  on  its  top,  the  crater  of 
an  extinct  volcano." 

Some  fantastic  legend  is  invariably  attached  to  an  old 
A  Legend  Of          rum  *)>v  *^e  i»norant  or  credulous,  and  the  mission  church 
of  Tumacacori,  near  Tubac,  has  not  escaped,  for  it  is  l><> 
TuniacaCOri.          lieved   by   the   ignorant   Mexicans   that   at   dreary    mid- 
night's cheerless  hour,  mass  is  celebrated  by  :i   irliostly 
priest. 

The  belief   is  apparently   sustained   by   the   personal   experience   of   a 
named  I>avila,  who  claims  to  have  involuntarily  attended  muss  in 


Tin'  .Story  <>f  tin'  Sini-Kixwil  Laud.  25 

the  rums  in  company  with  two  others,  but  the  traditional  fatality,  which 
imposed  the  penalty  of  death  upon  mortal  witnesses,  did  not  operate  in  their 
case,  except  after  a  long  interval. 

"We  had  been  herding  some  cattle  in   the   mountains, 

The  GhOStlV         an<^  w^en  we  reached  the  mission,  about  an  hour  before 

*          midnight,  our  horses  were  so  worn  out  that  we  could 

Priest.  urge  them  no  further,  and,  much  against  our  inclinations, 

we  resolved  to  camp  in  the  ruins  and  make  Tubac  next 
morning.  We  turned  our  animals  loose  in  the  enclosure  behind  the  church, 
and  carried  our  traps  into  the  vestibule  of  the  building.  Neither  of  my 
companions  had  any  superstitious  fears,  and  mine  were  not  strong  enough 
to  bother  me. 

The  interior  was  dark  and  dismal  as  a  cavern,  but  beyond,  the  moon- 
light streaked  the  walls  of  the  nave,  and  the  cupola  above  the  chancel 
glistened  like  a  snowdrift  in  the  sunlight. 

It  was  the  work  of  a  few  moments  to  build  a  fire,  and  as  the  flames 
rose,  the  shadows  danced  on  the  walls,  and  the  smoke  curled  up  like  in- 
cense, causing  the  bats  to  whine  and  screech  as  they  fluttered  from  the 
roof,  in  and  out  and  round  about. 

As  we  lolled  by  the  fire  and  toasted  our  carne-seca,  my  thoughts  ran 
back  through  the  years  to  the  time  when  the  gloomy  building  our  presence 
seemed  to  desecrate  was  the  heart  of  life,  industry  and  zeal.  Our  shad- 
ows stretched  along  the  floor,  over  the  straggling  weeds  that  grew  where 
worshipers  had  knelt,  and,  towering  upwards,  seemed  to  threaten  us  from 
the  cracked  and  crumbling  walls. 

Having  been  up  most  of  the  previous  night,  wre  were  well  disposed  to 
take  advantage  of  the  present  opportunity  to  rest.  There  was  a  large  pile 
of  loose  straw  in  one  corner,  and  we  spread  this  on  the  ground  and  covered 
it  with  our  saddle  cloths. 

How  long  we  slept  I  never  knew,  for  slumber  measures  not  time,  but 
I  was  suddenly  awakened  by  a  clutch  upon  my  shoulder  and  a  hoarse  whis- 
per in  my  ear,  'Mirad  por  Dios!' 

Starting  up,  I  was  conscious  of  the  fact  that  the  fire  had  gone  out  and 
the  moon  had  dropped  behind  the  western  hills,  yet  there  was  a  strange 
glow  about  me  that  cast  no  shadows,  as  if  the  air  itself  were  luminous.  If 
my  companions  had  awakened  they  showed  no  signs  of  animation  now, 
but  knelt  by  my  side,  motionless  as  statues,  their  faces  corpse-like,  and 
their  eyes  fixed  with  a  glassy  stare  upon  the  distant  chancel.  As  my  gaze 
turned  in  the  same  direction,  every  hair  upon  my  head  seemed  to  prick 
and  burn,  the  pulsation  of  my  heart  was  stilled,  a  clammy  sweat  beaded 
my  forehead  and  fell  upon  my  clasped  hands,  and  my  soul  succumbed  to 
the  influence  of  inexpressible  awe. 

What  I  saw  seemed  pictured  on  my  mind  from  within  and  not  visible 
as  material  things  are.  The  chancel  glowed  with  the  same  strange  light 
that  filled  the  space  about  me,  but  more  intense  and  with  a  faint  purple 
tint.  I  felt  like  one  sinking  in  deep  waters,  with  life  passing  away  in  a 
dream,  when  the  sound  of  a  soft,  low  chant  bubbled  in  my  ears  like  the 
voice  of  a  distant  stream;  louder  it  grew  and  louder,  then  seemed  to  sleep, 
then  swelled  again  full  of  rich  melody.  It  suddenly  ceased  and  a  form 
robed  like  a  priest  knelt  in  the  chancel,  and  an  acolyte  knelt  on  each  side 
of  him  and  gently  swayed  the  censers,  and  the  incense  rose  and  hung 
above  the  three  forms  like  a  cloud.  The  chant  began  again  and  the  priest 
turned  his  face  to  the  auditorium  and  appeared  to  mutter  a  prayer. 
Through  the  misty  incense  which  now  coiled  about  him  like  a  shadowy 
serpent,  the  features  could  be  partially  distinguished.  They  were  those  of 
an  aged  man,  full  of  benignity  but  tinged  with  sorrow.  He  turned  and 
knelt  again  with  the  acolytes  behind  him.  and  the  chant  ceased.  \<>\v  the 


26  Treasure  Land. 

auditorium  was  filled  with  dark  forms  that  drifted  in  like  smoke  through 
the  open  roof  and  the  windows,  assumed  human  shapes  and  knelt  upon  the 
floor.  The  chanting  recommenced  and  grew  louder  and  louder  as  the 
priestly  form  arose  and.  turning,  raised  its  hands  to  heaven  as  if  invoking 
a  blessing.  The  kneeling  forms  in  front  bent  lower  and  lower  until  they 
were  level  with  the  floor.  The  chant  ceased  and  there  came  a  sound  like 
the  rush  of  a  hurricane,  a  mighty  shriek  rent  the  air,  and  I  must  have 
fallen  senseless,  for  I  knew  no  more!" 

Attention  has  been  elsewhere  called  to  the  bar  between  the  limbs  as 
an  insignia  of  priesthood  or  strong  medicine. 

The  figure  here  represents  a  practitioner  of  more  than  ordinary  ability, 
who  is  taken  in  the  act  of  exhorting  the  world  of  sinners  to  flee  from  the 
wrath  to  come.  Above  him  is  an  elaborate  representation  of  the  heavenly 
home  of  the  spirits  of  the  blessed,  the  separate  mansions  being  plainly  in- 
dicated. The  small  figure  in  the  upper  left-hand  corner  is 
the  mummified  remains  of  one  of  those  unfortunate  beings 
who  neglected,  while  on  earth,  to  provide  for  his  spiritual 
welfare,  and  now  suffers  the  torment  of  surveying  a  felicity 
that  he  cannot  enjoy.  The  attachment  to  the  heavenly 
city,  which  has  the  appearance  of  an  ordinary  key,  is 
the  all-seeing  eye  of  the  Deity  who  has  provided  the 
delectable  mansions  and  watches  over  the  welfare  of  their 
inhabitants. 

Where  ^  has  been  asked  again  and  again,  where  the  missionary 

TVrt  thp  Path  re  fathers  obtained  the  means  to  build  such  structures 
Dm  me  rainers  as  those  we  find  at  San  Xavier  and  Tumacacori,  and  the 
Get  the  Means?  belief  is  general  that  they  derived  considerable  wealth 
from  working  the  mines.  The  records,  however,  show  no 
income  from  this  source,  so  far  as  we  can  learn,  and  from  this  it  might  be 
inferred  that  the  popular  belief  is  unfounded. 

We  can  readily  see,  though,  why  the  mining  operations  of  the  Fathers 
were  not  recorded.  The  King  of  Spain  assumed  that  he  was  entitled  to  all 
the  mineral  product  that  the  officials  had  no  use  for,  and  if  the  Fathers 
wished  to  derive  any  profit  from  mining,  their  operations  had  to  be  con- 
ducted secretly. 

We  do  not  for  a  moment  doubt  that  they  availed  themselves  freely  of 
nature's  treasures,  and  that  the  noble  edifices,  whose  ruins  we  behold  to-day 
with  admiration  and  wonder,  were  built  in  great  part  from  the  product  of 
clandestine  mining  operations. 

The  missions  also  raised  live  stock  in  large  numbers  and  cultivated  the 
lands  extensively,  but  these  resources  can  not  alone  account  for  the  dis- 
bursements. 

This  is  a  battle  scene,  and  depicts  a  mighty  warrior  in  the  very  act  of 
vanquishing  his  foes.     While  he  sustains  his  trusty  bow  with  one  hand 
(which,  being  his  left,  suggests  contempt  for  his  adversaries),  he  chival- 
rously urges  the  fear-stricken  host  to  yield  them  prisoners  and  save  effusion 
of  blood.     The  trembling  wretches  (observe  the  two  figures  below) 
throw  up  appealing  arms  and  beg  for  mercy.     The  fact  that  they 
are  so  paralyzed  with  fear  as  to  be  unable  to  fly  is  ingeniously 
indicated  by  the  omission  of  their  organs  of  locomotion.     The 
character  between   the  outstretched   limbs  of  the  warrior  is  a 
fallen  foe.  his  defunct  condition  being  cleverly  emphasized  by 
the  insignificance  of  his  appearance  and  lack  of  human  attributes. 
This  is  a  spirited  composition  and  must  have  immortalized  the 
artist. 


The  Story  of  the  Sun-Kissed  Land.  27 

Till:  PIONEERS. 

The  soldier,  marching  at  his  sovreign's  call — 
The  cannon,  belching  at  a  living  wall — 
An  empire  rising  on  a  kingdom's  fall — 

These  found  no  state  ! 
But  they,  who  dared  the  dangers  of  the  wild, 

Leaving  their  homes  and  kindred  far  behind ; 
With  dreams  of  future  glory  unbeguiledt 

Seeking  alone  to  benefit  mankind — 

These  found  a  state! 

And  millions,  yet  unborn,  shall  hold  them  dear, 
And  bless  the  memory  of  the  Pioneer. 


Only  a  few  centuries  ago,  Columbus  resolutely  grasped  a  world,  though 
opposed  by  the  ridicule  and  sneers  of  Christendom;  Cortez  and  Pizarro 
conquered  kingdoms  and  empires,  and  enriched  Europe  by  their  chivalry 
and  prowess;  great  armies  flocked  to  the  standards  of  DeLeon,  Narvaez 
and  DeSoto,  laughing,  in  their  enthusiasm,  at  all  obstacles  and  perils. 

"It  was,"  as  Irving  says,  "poetry  in  action;  it  was  the  knight-errantry 
of  the  Old  World  carried  into  the  depth  of  the  American  wilderness;  in- 
deed, the  personal  adventures,  the  feats  of  individual  prowess,  the  pictur- 
esque descriptions  of  steel-clad  cavaliers,  with  lance  and  helm  and  pranc- 
ing steed,  glittering  through  the  wildernesses  of  Florida,  Georgia  and  Ala- 
bama, and  the  prairies  of  the  far  West,  Avould  seem  to  us  mere  fictions  of 
romance  did  they  not  come  to  us  recorded  in  matter-of-fact  narratives  of 
contemporaries,  and  corroborated  by  minute  and  daily  memoranda  of  eye- 
witnesses." 

Then  there  were  scores  of  others,  mad  with  will  and  energy  and  ro- 
mantic aspirations,  breasting  a  hundred  crushing  storms  and  conquering 
a  thousand  incredible  obstacles  in  their  resolute  marches  through  unknown 
wildernesses,  and  among  treacherous  and  implacable  savages. 

The  pioneers  of  Arizona  were  animated,  not  so  much  by  romantic  en- 
thusiasm, as  a  steady  purpose  to  subdue  the  wilds  to  the  purposes  of  civ> 
ilization,  and  make  them  theirs.  Their  chivalry  was  the  rough-hewn  hon- 
esty of  the  frontiers,  which  maintained  inviolate  the  sacred  principles  of 
free  government.  Conscious  of  ultimate  victory,  and  foreseeing  the  day 
when  civilized  homes  would  form  a  living  chain  from  ocean  to  ocean,  they 
eagerly  sought  the  vanguard;  they  were  Americans  and  aspired  to  be,  as 
they  should  be,  the  first  in  everything  that  conduces  to  the  grandeur  or 
\vriY are  of  their  country.  There  was  no  vain  glory  in  their  march,  no  steel- 
dad  cavaliers,  with  lance  and  helm  and  prancing  steed— no  dreams  of 
Fountains  of  Youth  or  El  Dorado.  They  sought  a  new  field  for  their  irre- 
pressible energy,  the  opportunity  to  found  a  new  commonwealth,  and  they 
wore  as  brave  a  body  of  men  as  ever  attempted  to  found  a  civilized  state. 

Never  in  the  history  of  the  world  did  man  have  to  contend  against  as 
formidable  a  foe  as  did  the  Arizona  pioneers.  Harassed  on  all  sides  by  tin- 
relentless  Apache,  cut  off  from  civilization  by  the  desert  plains  of  X<-\v 
Mexico  and  California,  they  lived  a  life  of  constant  warfare  and  privation, 
a  few  determined  men  against  hordes  of  savage  foes. 


28 

To  recount  their  hardships,  the  scenes  of  bloody  strife  and  savage  am- 
bush, is  not  within  our  power;  they  are  recorded  in  the  unwritten  history 
of  Arizona.  Many  of  these  hardy  settlers  fell  victims  to  Indian  cunning, 
and  the  finding  of  a  few  bleached  bones  in  after  years  was  all  the  record 
left  of  their  taking  off.  Their  ranks  grew  thinner  and  thinner  as  the  years 
rolled  by,  but  still  they  persevered  in  their  purpose  to  make  Arizona  a  home 
for  their  race. 

All  over  Arizona  there  are  found  to-day  remnants  of  the  dauntless  band 
enjoying  the  glory  of  successful  achievement.  Gray-bearded  and  bent,  per- 
haps, but  still  hearty  old  fellows,  and  foremost  in  everything  that  tends 
to  carry  their  good  work  along.  Out  of  their  ranks  come  men  fitted  for 
every  public  duty.  They  are  among  our  best  citizens  and  prosperous  busi- 
ness men. 

They  have  seen  the  territory  transformed  from  a  desolate  waste  to  one 
of  the  most  fertile  lands  on  earth; -they  reflect  on  the  past,  see  through  the 
dim  years  scenes  of  strife  and  hardship  where  now  reign  peace  and  pros- 
perity, and  with  the  dew  of  recollection  in  their  eyes  cry,  "Advance,  Ari- 
zona!" 

In  the  year  1824,  a  party  of  100  hardy  and  adventurous 
The  First  frontiersmen  set  out  from  Kentucky  upon  a  trapping 

expedition  to  the  headwaters  of  the  Arkansas  river. 
Pioneers.  After  many  romantic  adventures  in  New  Mexico,  the 

party  dispersed,  but  a  few  of  the  boldest  spirits  under- 
took to  reach  the  Pacific  coast.  They  spent  one  winter  at  the  headwaters 
of  the  Gila  river,  and  the  next  spring  trapped  down  the  river  to  its  con- 
fluence with  the  Colorado,  where  Yuma  now  stands.  Here  they  em- 
barked their  canoes  on  the  turbid  waters  of  the  Colorado  and  drifted 
down  to  the  Gulf  of  California,  whence  they  crossed  the  peninsula  to 
San  Diego.  Here  two  of  the  party,  Sylvester  Pattie  and  his  son,  James, 
were  imprisoned  by  the  Mexican  commandant,  and  after  a  long  and  cruel 
confinement  the  elder  Pattie  died.  His  son  James  was  then  released  and 
found  his  way  back  to  civilization.  He  published  a  book  giving  an 
account  of  his  adventures,  although  Col.  Postou  claims  that  he  was  never 
heard  of  after  his  release  from  prison. 

The  late  Pauline  Weaver,  a  trapper  from  Tennessee,  was  at  the  Casa 
Grande,  near  the  present  site  of  Florence,  in  1832.  He  was  the  original 
discoverer  of  the  famous  gold  placers  near  Antelope  peak,  about  forty 
miles  south  of  Prescott.  and  remained  in  Arizona  till  his  death  a  few 
years  ago. 

During  the  Mexican  war,  a  number  of  scouting  parties  and  messen- 
gers passed  through  the  Territory,  and  a  few  trappers,  guides  and  hun- 
ters of  American  and  half-breed  birth  penetrated  the  country- 
Felix  Aubrey  made  several  trips  into  the  Tonto  basin,  the  Gila  valley, 
the  Santa  Rita  mountains  and  other  portions  of  the  Territory;  Capt.  John 
Moss  penetrated  the  canons  of  the  Great  and  Little  Colorado,  and  Capt. 
Adams  explored  the  same  river. 

The  cession  of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico  north  of  the  Gila  river  was 
consummated  February  2,  1848,  and  the  balance  of  these  Territories  was 
acquired  under  the  Gadsden  Purchase,  December  30,  1853. 

The  United  States  Boundary  Commission  (1849-51)  was  the  first  body 
of  Americans,  known  to  the  country  at  large,  which  entered  the  borders 
of  Arizona. 

After  the  discovery  of  gold  in  California,  the  valley  of  the  Gila  became 
a  highway  for  the  more  daring  and  adventurous  of  those  who,  from  IM'.i 
on,  made  their  way  across  the  continent  by  the  southern  route. 

In  1854,  Col.  C.  D.  Poston  landed  at  Navachiste,  in  the  Mexican  state 
of  Sinaloa,  and  explored  the  country  as  far  as  Sonoita,  and  thence  through 
the  Papago  country  to  Gila  Bend,  Fort  Yuma  and  San  Diego. 


The  Story  of  flic  Snn-Kiw<l  L«nrl.  29 

In  August,  1856,  an  exploring  party  outfitted  at  San  Antonio,  Tex., 
and  after  a  perilous  journey  reached  Tubac,  and  proceeded,  under  the 
direction  of  Col.  Poston,  to  examine  the  rich  silver  mines  reported  to 
exist  in  the  mountains. 

In  the  latter  part'  of  1857  the  San  Antonio  and  San  Diego  semi-monthly 
stage  line  was  established  and  this  continued  until  the  following  year, 
when  the  Butterfield  semi-Aveekly  line  was  put  on.  The  usual  time  was 
twenty-two  days  from  St.  Louis  to  San  Francisco,  and  until  the  out- 
break of  the  civil  Avar  there  was  not  a  single  break  in  the  service. 

Among  the  earliest  scientific  explorers  were  Prof.  W.  P.  Blake  and 
Herman  Ehrenberg.  Prof.  Blake  was  in  charge  of  the  government  geologi- 
cal survey,  and  is  noAV  director  of  the  Mining  School  of  the  University 
of  Arizona.  Ehrenberg  remained  in  the  Territory  AA'hile  Poston  visited 
Washington  City,  and  until  he  returned  across  the  plains  in  1856  Avith 
a  colony  of  Americans  and  Germans,  Avho  settled  in  Tubac  and  engaged 
in  mining. 

Col.  Poston  attracted  capital  to  the  extent  of  nearly  a  million  dollars 
in  the  development  of  mines,  and  the  exploitations  Avere  in  a  promising 
condition  when  in  1861  the  exigencies  of  the  civil  war  caused  the  Avith 
(IraAval  of  the  Federal  troops  and  the  temporary  abandonment  of  the  Ter- 
ritory. 

In  1857  efforts  were  made  to  secure  civil  government,  but  Avere  un- 
successful. 

On  February  27,  1862,  a  company  of  Texan  guerillas,  under  Capt. 
Hunter,  reached  Tucson  and  took  possession  of  the  place  and  held  it 
until  the  advance  of  the  California  column  in  May  warned  them  to  retire. 

The  Apaches,  ignorant  of  our  domestic  disturbances,  believed  that  they 
had  stampeded  the  white  population  and  evinced  a  desire  to  take  posses- 
sion of  CA-erythmg.  It  Avas  perilous  to  go  a  mile  a\vay  from  the  Avails 
of  Tucson,  and  outlying  settlements  were  entirely  abandoned. 

Union  rule  Avas  reestablished  in  1863,  and  on  the  24th  of  February  of 
the  same  year  the  organic  act  creating  the  Territory  of  Arizona  was  passed. 

Its  history  since  then  has  been  one  of  incessant  struggle  with  the 
savage  Apache  up  to  their  absolute  overthrow  less  than  a  decade  ago. 
Since  then  it  has  become  more  prosperous  every  year,  and  noAV  claims 
a  population  of  100,000  and  all  the  elements  necessary  to  entitle  it  to 
become  a  sovereign  state. 

Here  the  artist  aimed  to  depict  action,  and,  in  a 
measure  anticipated  the  invention  of  the  kinet 
oscope.  The  figure  to  the  right  represents  a 
serpent  coiled,  but  ready  to  spring  forth  on  the 
slightest  provocation  :  the  middle  one  is  the  same 
serpent  in  the  act  of  striking  the  indefinite  object 
on  the  extreme  left 

The  Avriter  puzzled  over  this  picture  for  more  than  an  hour,  op- 
pressed with  an  idea  that  it  meant  more  than  appeared  on  the  surface, 
and  as  he  Avas  about  to  despair  of  penetrating  its  occult  significance,  the 
whole  truth  Avas  reA*caled. 

It  is  marvelous;  astonishing!  All  that  the  observer  has  to  do  is  to 
fix  his  gaze  upon  the  picture,  then  a  rapid  movement  of  the  head  from 
side  to  side  causes  the  coiled  serpent  to  unwind  and  dart  against  the 
object  to  the  left. 

HOAV  many  generations  of  Indians  stood  before  this  wonderful  achieve- 
ment and  wriggled  their  heads,  before  modern  science  discovered  this 
method  of  enabling  eager  millions  to  witness  a  prize  fight  Avithout  going 
to  see  it? 


30  7Vm.s-M/r   Linnt. 

The  following  panegyric  on  the  men  who  pioneered  the 

wilderness  of  Arizona  is  from  the  pen  of  the  Hon.  Chas. 
Old  Times.  A.  Shibell,  county  recorder,  who  came  here  in  the  early 

part  of  18G2  and  has  been  prominent  and  distinguished 

in  public  life  ever  since: 

"My  thoughts  instinctively  surge  back  to  the  old  times,  when  our 
days  were  days  of  watching  and  our  nights  seldom  brought  us  rest.  It 
travels  back,  and  the  mile-stones  are  the  bloody  graves  of  innumerable 
friends  and  companions  who  fell  by  the  merciless  hand  of  the  Apache. 
Their  names  will  now  have  no  more  significance  to  the  world  than  those 
on  the  heastones  in  .the  cemetery  of  a  strange  land,  but  to  the  pioneers 
who  shared  their  hardships  and  live  to  glory  in  their  memory,  each  once 
familiar  name  Avill  reveal  the  stirring  scenes  they  shared.  In  those  days 
we  were  a  band  of  brothers.  The  strife  for  honor,  position  and  wealth 
carried  little  weight  with  us  and  friendship  meant  all  the  word  implies  ; 
and  even  yet,  though  selfish  career  may,  seemingly,  drive  us  apart,  yet. 
when  the  occasion  requires,  the  bond  of  fealty  asserts  itself,  and  the 
love  between  us  proves  as  strong  as  in  the  early  days,  when  a  simple 
'good-bye'  meant  an  eternal  farewell.  Such  were,  and  are,  the  pioneers. 
and  their  deeds  cannot  perish  from  the  earth.  They  live  in  spirit  and 
speak  to  the  hearts  of  future  generations,  noble  examples  of  what  man 
will  do  for  man.  The  pioneer,  schooled  in  the  passive  as  well  as  the 
active  virtues,  disciplined  in  patience,  fortitude  and  self  control,  learned  th- 
highest  lesson  this  life  can  teach—  the  cheerful  readiness  to  try  again." 

There  were  probably  several  American  flags  in  Arizona 
The  First  before  this  particular  one,  but  this  had  a  right  to  un- 

furl its  glorious  colors  to  the  breeze. 

Flag1.  Arizona  had  just  become  attached  to  Uncle  Sam.  like 

a  patch  to  his  coat  tails,  by  virtue  of  the  Gadsden  Pur- 
chase, and  the  Americans  residing  in  Tucson  celebrated  the  occasion  by 
hoisting  Old  Glory  under  the  shadows  of  Sentinel  peak.  The  Mexican 
garrison  evacuated  Tucson  in  February,  1855,  and  hauled  down  the  Eagle 
and  Cactus  as  they  inarched  away.  The  Americans  quickly  lashed  several 
long  mesquite  poles  together  for  a  flagstaff  and  unfurled  the  starry  banner 
to  the  breeze  and  saluted  it  with  rousing  cheers  as  it  rose. 

The  commander  of  the  Mexican  troops  demanded  that  the  flag  be 
lowered  until  his  men  had  reached  the  frontier,  but  the  Americans  de- 
clined to  obey,  and  being  well  armed  and  determined  to  maintain  their 
right  to  fly  the  flag  they  loved,  the  matter  was  dropped. 

There  are  two  different  accounts  of  the  affair  which  can  not  be  har- 
monized. One  is  to  the  effect  that  a  real  flag  was  furnished  by  Edward 
Miles,  and  the  other,  equally  as  well  substantiated,  claims  that  no  flag 
could  be  obtained  and  three  handkerchiefs  of  the  proper  color  were  knotted 
together. 


Among  the  more  interesting  and  exciting  episodes  of  the 
ante-bellum  period  was  the  ill-starred  Crabb  expedition. 
In  1S56,   Gandnrn  was  the  legally  elected  Governor 
Expedition.  °f  the   Mexican   state  of   Sonora.    and   as   his   political 

opponent,  Ygnacio  Pesquiera,  could  not  manipulate  the 
returns,  he  raised  a  revolt.  Henry  A.  Crabb  met  Pesquiera  and  proposed 
to  him  to  bring  down  a  force  of  1,000  armed  Americans  to  emphasize  his 
demand  for  a  recount.  Crabb's  reward  was  to  be  a  strip  of  territory 
across  the  northern  frontier  of  Sonora,  and  the  armed  Americans  were  lo 
be  considered  as  colonists,  the  assumption  being  that  a  sufficient  number 
of  ingenious  artisans  would  be  introduced  to  transform  the  instruments 
of  death  into  peaceful  implements  of  husbandry. 


Tlic  Story  of  f/ic  SHU  A'/.s-.srf/  La  ml.  31 

Crabb  found  no  trouble  in  gathering  his  colonists  in  California,  and  at 
once  inarched  via  Yunia  to  Filibusters'  Camp,  on  the  Gila.  The  main 
body  stayed  here  to  recruit  the  animals,  while  the  leader  set  forward 
with  an  advance  guard  of  100  men. 

Meanwhile  1'esquiera  had  settled  the  (iandara  matter,  and  the  Crabb 
i -x | (edition  was  being  used  against  him  by  his  enemies  to  destroy  the 
fruits  of  his  victory.  Being  an  accomplished  politician,  Pesquiera 
promptly  denied  any  complicity  with  Ciabb,  and  to  effectually  establish 
his  innocence  roused  the  State  against  him,  besieged  him  at  Caborca,  aiid 
after  a  desperate  fight,  killed  or  captured  the  whole  party. 

The  prisoners  were  promptly  executed,  and  Pesquiera  remitted  poor 
Crabb's  head  to  the  City  of  Mexico  as  a  proof  of  his  intense  loyalty  to 
his  country  and  his  undying  hatred  of  foreign  interference.  The  main 
body  of  Crabb's  party,  hearing  of  his  death,  threw  up  their  commissions 
and  returned  to  private  life. 

When  the  news  of  Crabb's  imminent  danger  reached  Tucson,  a  party 
of  twenty-seven  Americans  organized  and  started  to  his  relief,  but  ar- 
rived too  late,  and  had  to  light  their  way  back  against  overwhelming 
numbers. 

This  was  found  on  a  stone  facing  the  west,  whence  we 
infer  that  it  is  a  vivid  representation  of  sunset :  the  artist, 
with  a  cunning  that  strikes  us  with  amazement,  adroitly 
reversing  the  position  of  the  rays,  in  order  to  distinguish  it 
from  another  masterpiece  portraying  a  sunrise. 

The  difficulty  of  distinguishing  between  these  two  phenomena,  so 
nearly  alike  in  all  respects,  has  troubled  artists  of  every  age,  but  the 
untutored  Indian,  whose  name  and  race  are  lost  to  history,  offers  a  solu- 
tion that  our  modern  artists  can  avail  themselves  of  without  any  sacrifice 
of  professional  pride. 

The  first  printing  press  was  brought  into  the  territory 

The  First  from  Ohio  and  set  up  in  Tubac,  then  one  of  the  most 

important   settlements.     The   editor   was   Col.   Cross,   a 

Newspaper.  fire-eating  veteran  of  the  Mexican  war,  who  anticipated 

modern  methods  of  increasing  circulation  by  beginning 

a  series  of  virulent  attacks  upon  Lieut.  Sylvester  Mowry. 

As  the  colonel  had  the  only  printing  outfit  in  the  country,  the  lieu- 
tenant could  not  retaliate  by  printing  an  alleged  portrait  of  his  traducer 
in  an  opposition  paper,  and  was  therefore  compelled  to  send  him  a  chal- 
lenge, which  was  accepted. 

The  weapons  were  Burnside  rifles,  and  the  principals,  who  stood  eighty 
paces  apart,  were  seconded  by  Grant  Oury  for  Mowry  and  John  W. 
Donaldson  for. Cross.  The  first  two  exchanges  of  shots  disappointed  both 
parties,  and  on  the  third,  Mowry's  weapon  refused  to  operate.  The  code 
was  then  invoked  in  Mowry's  behalf  and  he  was  accorded  another  dis- 
charge. Col.  Cross  folded  his  arms  and  calmly  waited,  having  probably 
concluded  that  if  two  professional  fighters  couldn't  hit  a  mark  in  five 
shots  the  chances  were  good  for  a  miss  on  the  sixth. 

Mowry  raised  his  rifle,  ably  assisted  by  his  second,  and  after  wobbling 
it  around  until  it  covered  the  earth,  took  a  snap  shot  at  the  firmament. 

Thus  was  The  Arizonian  introduced  to  the  world!  But  as  an  ad- 
vertising scheme  the  duel  was  not  a  success,  and  The  Arizonian  failed 
to  flourish.  Mowry  afterwards  purchased  it  himself  and  moved  it  to 
Tucson,  where  it  was  edited  by  .T.  HoAvard  Mills,  who  was  also  a  justice 
of  the  peace.  Mills  soon  retired,  and  in  his  farewell  address  to  an  un- 
appreciative  public,  delicately  alluded  to  the  fact  that  his  derringer  could 
be  purchased  at  less  than  cost. 


32  Twixin- 

HOW  the  Co1'  C'  D-  J>oston»  wh°  is  a  brilliant  raconteur  and  has 

a  strong  bubbling  sense  of  humor,  gives  in  his  reniin 
Territory  Was       iscenses  the  following  account  of  the  preliminary  wire- 
Onjanized.         pulling  that  led  to  the  organization  of  the  territory: 

"At  the  meeting  of  congress  in  December,   1862,   I 

returned   to  Washington,   made  friends   with   Lincoln,   and   proposed   the 
organization  of  Arizona. 

Oury  was  in  Richmond,  cooling  his  heels  in  the  ante-chambers  of  tin 
Confederate  Congress,  without  gaining  admission  as  a  delegate  from 
Arizona;  Mo  wry  was  a  prisoner  in  Yuma,  cooling  his  head  from  the 
political  fever  which  had  afflicted  it,  and  meditating  on  the  decline  and 
fall  of  a  West  Point  graduate.  There  was  no  other  person  in  Washing- 
ion,  save  Gen.  Heintzelmau,  who  took  any  interest  in  Arizona  affairs: 
(hey  had  something  else  to  occupy  their  attention,  and  did  not  even  know 
where  Arizona  was.  Old  Ben  Wade,  chairman  of  the  senate  committee 
on  territories,  took  a  lively  and  bold  interest  in  the  organization  of  the 
territory,  and  Ashley,  chairman  of  the  committee  in  the  house,  told  me 
how  to  accomplish  the  object.  He  said  there  were  a  number  of  mem  1  ins 
of  the  expiring  congress  who  had  been  defeated  in  their  own  districts 
for  the  next  term,  who  wanted  to  go  West  and  offer  their  political  S<T\ 
ices,  and  if  they  could  be  grouped  and  a  satisfactory  slate  made.  tln-\ 
would  have  influence  enough  to  carry  the  bill  through  congress. 

Consequently  an  'oyster  supper'  was  organized,  to  which  the  'lame 
ducks'  were  invited,  and  then  and  there  the  slate  was  made,  and  the  Ter 
ritory  was  virtually  organized.  Towards  the  last  it  occurred  to  my  ob- 
fusticated  brain  that  my  name  did  not  appear  on  the  slate,  and  I  ex- 
claimed, in  the  language  of  Daniel  Webster:  'Gentlemen,  what  is  to 
become  of  me?'  Gourley  politely  replied:  'Oh,  we'll  make  you  Indian 
agent.' 

So  the  bill  passed,  Lincoln  signed  all  the  commissions,  the  oysier 
supper  was  paid  for,  and  Arizona  launched  on  the  political  sea." 

Pnvprnmpnt          Money  was  easily  made  when  the  California  volunteers 
UOveri  came  to  Tucson  jn  1863      Barley  brought  ten  cents  a 

Hay  pound  and  was  hard  to  get  at  any  price. 

in  1863  ^^e  quartermaster's  office  used  to  be  about  where 

the  New  Orndorff  hotel  now  stands  and  the  scales  stood 
just  outside. 

On  one  occasion  Billy  Bowers  learned  that  the  quartermaster  was  short 
on  barley  and  that  Nick  Chambers  had  all  there  was  in  town,  about  a 
wagon  load.  Billy  hunted  up  the  quartermaster  and  contracted  to  de- 
liver ten  loads  at  a  high  figure,  the  grain  to  be  weighed  on  the  scales  and 
then  delivered  at  the  corral  half  a  niile  away.  Being  an  ignorant  frontiers 
man  he  didn't  want  any  vouchers  or  other  red  tape  about  the  business. 
and  insisted  upon  receiving  cash  for  each  load  as  it  was  weighed. 

Having  arranged  these  preliminaries  to  his  satisfaction,  he  began  Imsi 
ness  by  borrowing  a  team  from  Nick  Chambers  and  the  use  of  his  load 
of  barley.  Loading  it  on  the  quartermaster's  scales  he  received  its 
value  and  reloaded  again.  He  ought  to  have  taken  it  to  the  corral 
according  to  contract,  but  seeing  that  it  was  only  borrowed  he  didn't 
feel  that  it  was  right  to  do  this,  besides  a  little  more  weighing  wouldn't 
hurt  it  in  the  least,  so  making  a  detour  he  returned  it  to  the  scales  and 
received  another  payment  for  it.  He  was  again  on  the  horns  of  a  di- 
lemma. If  he  took  the  grain  to  the  corral  he  was  disposing  of  property 
lhat  didn't  belong  to  him.  and  if,  on  the  other  hand,  he  failed  to  deliver 
ten  loads  to  the  government,  he  violated  his  contract.  Billy  solved  the 
problem  by  weighing  the  barley  ten  times  and  then  returning  it  to  its 
owner,  a  trifle  the  worse  for  handling  but  still  merchantable.  Half  an 


Tlic  .S7or//  of  the  Sim  Kissed  Land.  33 

hour  afterwards  he  was  on  the  road  to  Tubac  and  has  not  been  heard  of 
since. 

Nick  Chambers  swore  that  he  was  not  privy  to  the  scheme,  and  be- 
lidyed  the  barley  had  been  borrowed  just  to  give  the  animals  a  smell 
of  decent  food,  but  as  he  was  reputed  to  be  a  shrewd  trader,  the  popular 
verdict  was  against  him. 

Hank  and  Yank,  as  well  as  others,  coined  money  on  hay  contracts.  If 
they  didn't  get  two  or  three  heavyweight  tepmsters  on  the  scales  for 
good  measure  it  was  because  the  scales  were  fixed  otherwise.  Up  at  a 
camp  near  Maricopa  they  built  a  stone  corral  with  the  rocks  that  came 
in  the  hay. 

The  story  would  be  incomplete  without  a  reference  to 
TJJ  Dr.  J.  C.  Handy,  whose  untimely  death  about  six 

years  ago  appeared  to  be  a  public  calamity.  Dr. 
Mcmoriam.  W.  H.  Fenn6r  was  for  several  years  associated  with 

him  in  the  practice  of  medicine  and  refers  to  him  as  a 
aian  whose  strong  character  impressed  itself  on  all  who  met  him.  His 
enemies  exaggerated  his  vices,  and  those  who  loved  him,  and  they  were 
aiaay,  never  realized  the  half  of  his  virtues.  He  came  to  the  Territory 
as  an  army  surgeon,  but  resigned  and  began  the  practice  of  medicine  in 
Tueson.  He  was  principal  surgeon  for  The  Southern  Pacific  Railroad 
Company  from  the  time  the  line  was  opened  for  traffic  until  his  death. 
He  was  active  in  all  public  matters  and  occxipied  several  public  positions. 
He  would  have  led  in  his  profession  anywhere,  and  his  reputation  here 
has  never  been  excelled.  His  death  brought  sorrow  to  many  a  house- 
hold and  even  his  enemies  grieved  to  see  him  go. 

This  is  a  quadruped,  but  of  what  species 
can  not  be  absolutely  determined.  The  ex- 
cresences  on  the  head  might  be  horns,  but 
from  the  appearance  of  the  other  end  we 
incline  to  the  belief  that  the  artist  had  a 
coyote  in  his  mind  when  he  finished  his 
labors. 

This  is  unquestionably  a  horned  toad  de- 
picted in  the  act  of  walking  up  a  rock  to 
catch  a  fly,  and  is  a  very  creditable  per- 
formance. 

The  triple  serpent  was  a  favorite  combination 
with  the  rock-carver,  and  evidently  has  some 
esoteric  significance.  It  is  scarcely  possible 
that  it  was  intended  to  represent  pictorially 
the  scientific  fact  that  three  of  a  kind  beat 
two  pair,  and  yet  there  is  no  more  probable 
explanation  offered. 

In  the  year  1870  the  Pinal  and  Arivaipa  Apaches  were 
Camp  Grant  placed  upon  a  reservation  around  old  Camp  Grant,  at  the 

junction  of  the  San  Pedro  and  Arivaipa,  about  fifty-five 
Massacre.  miles  from  Tucson,  in  charge  of  civil  agents,  but  these 

proving  unsatisfactory,  Lieut.  Royal  E.  Whitman,  of  the 
1  ailed  States  Third  cavalry,  was  assigned  as  agent.  Being  a  thrifty  per- 
son, he  quickly  realized  the  money-making  possibilities  of  his  position  and 
left  the  Indians  to  follow  their  own  inclination  while  he  pursued  his.  The 
Indians  soon  began  to  plunder  and  murder  the  settlers  within  a  radius  of 
100  miles,  finding  succor  and  protection  with  the  agent,  who  was  applying 
i lie  same  commercial  principles  in  a  more  civilized  manner.  The  citizens 


34  Treasure  L<nn1. 

organized  and  appealed  to  Gen.  Stoneman,  department  commander,  who 
was  then  encamped  on  the  Gila  river,  near  Florence,  but  he  would  do 
nothing  and  suggested  that  the  citizens  should  protect  themselves.  Tin- 
depredations  and  outrages  continued,  and  in  April,  1871,  it  was  determined 
to  make  a  raid  on  the  Camp  Grant  Indians  who  were  known  to  be  the 
principal  depredators.  The  avenging  band  rendezvoused  on  the  Rillito  op- 
posite San  Xavier,  under  the  leadership  of  the  late  Hon.  W.  S.  Oury  and 
Jes.  M.  Elias,  and  comprised  ninety-two  Papago  Indians,  forty-eight  Mcx 
icans  and  six  Americans;  the  eighty-two  Americans  who  had  solemnly 
pledged  themselves  to  be  ready  at  any  moment  for  the  campaign  being  rep- 
resented by  the  above  insignificant  number.  A  wagon  with  arms,  amimmi 
tion  and  stores  was  provided  by  the  Hon.  .1.  B.  Allen,  then  adjutant  gen 
eral  of  the  territory,  an  act  of  official  courtesy  that  the  old  general  can 
safely  attach  his  name  to  at  this  late  date.  Mr.  Oury  took  the  precaution 
lo  send  a  note  back  to  Tucson  addressed  to  the  late  H.  S.  Stevens,  urging 
him  to  send  a  party  to  a  point  on  the  road  to  Camp  Grant,  with  instructions 
to  stop  any  and  all  travelers,  and  without  this  precaution  the  raid  would 
have  been  a  failure. 

The  party  started  before  daylight  and  reached  the  San  Pedro  bottoms 
on  the  morning  of  April  29,  where  it  remained  till  nightfall.  As  soon  as  it 
Avas  dark  the  march  was  resumed,  the  intention  being  to  strike  the  enemy's 
camp  at  midnight,  but  the  distance  had  been  miscalculated  and  they  did 
not  reach  it  till  the  early  morning.  The  attack  was  so  swift  and  tierce  that 
within  half  an  hour  the  whole  work  was  ended  and  not  an  adult  Indian 
left  to  tell  the  tale.  Some  twenty-eight  or  thirty  small  papooses  were 
spared  and  brought  to  Tucson.  Not  a  single  man  of  the  party  was  in- 
jured, and  at  eight  o'clock  on  the  bright  morning  of  April  30,  1871,  the 
little  band  breakfasted  on  the  San  Pedro,  a  few  miles  above  the  post,  witli 
the  full  satisfaction  of  a  work  well  done. 

This  is  the  portrait  of  a  mighty  bowman  in  the  act  of 
perceiving  an  enemy.  The  left  hand  is  upraised  to  inform  his 
followers  (so  far  behind  that  the  artist  could  not  introduce  them 
to  the  public)  of  his  desire  to  cope  with  the  foe  unaided  and  alone. 
The  curves  of  his  limbs  portray  his  firm  resolution,  just  as  the 
unusual  length  of  bow  proclaims  his  giant  strength.  His  extra- 
ordinary girth  shows  his  importance,  and  the  elongation  of  the 
neck  indicates  the  ambitious  character  of  his  mind.  This  is  the 
most  striking  and  successful  attempt  at  portraiture  to  be  met 
with  on  the  rocks,  and  in  naturalness  of  treatment  surpasses 
samples  of  early  Egyptian  art,  which  often  tire  with  their  absurd 
conventionalism. 

We  are  indebted  to  Mr.  Harry  D.  Foreman,  son  of  the 

late    S.   W.    Foreman,    who    made   the   first    survey    of 
1870-1871.  Tucson,  for  copies  of  letters  written  by  his  father  in  1870- 

71,  and  regret  that  lack  of  space  prevents  us  from  giving 

them  to  our  readers  entire. 

In  one  letter  he  speaks  of  the  richness  of  the  Santa  Cruz  and  other  val- 
Icys  south  of  Tucson,  and  says:  "The  soil  is  very  rich;  the  Santa  Cruz,  a 
large,  rapid  stream,  with  many  tributaries,  winding  through  valuable  tim- 
ber, grazing  and  agricultural  lands.  Four  or  more  men,  armed  with  re- 
volvers, accompany  one  team  when  plowing,  and  the  plow  is  adorned  with 
a  gun  strapped  to  it.  Every  house  is  a  fort  and,  notwithstanding  these 
precautions,  stock  is  frequently  stolen,  and  scores  of  graves  attest  the  fell 
work  of  the  savage. 

"On  Monday  a  small  band  of  Indians  stole  some  stock  from  a  ranch 
twelve  miles  south  of  Tucson.  A  small  party  went  in  pursuit  and  recap- 
tured the  stock,  after  killing  one  Indian. 


The  Story  of  the  Sun  A7.s.sr</  Land.  35 

"Yesterday  the  Indians  attacked  McKensey's  ranch,  on  the  San  Pedro, 
murdered  him  and  drove  off  his  stock.  A  party  of  settlers  followed  and 
overtook  them,  and  found  them  reinforced  by  about  100  from  the  military 
feeding  posts.  In  the  fight  that  followed,  H.  C.  Long,  Owry  Chapin  and 
K.uvard  Unter  were  killed,  and  the  Indians  escaped." 

The  first  American  store  was  opened  in  Tucson,  March 
An  Historical  ^  1856,  by  Mr.  Solomon  Warner,  who  is  still  living. 

The  populatir  n  of  the  town  at  that  time  was  about  400 
Brief.  Mexicans  and  fifty  Americans.     The  first  stage  coach  ran 

out  of  Tucson  in  1858,  and  in  February,  1859,  the  first 
newspaper  published  in  Arizona  made  its  appearance  at  Tubac,  under  the 
name  of  the  Weekly  Arizonian.  with  Col.  E.  Cross  as  editor.  The  Territory  of 
Arizona  Avas  regularly  organized  December  29,  1863.  The  Southern  Pacific 
railroad  reached  Tucson,  April  15,  1880. 

The  city  of  Tucson  was  duly  organized  in  1871,  with  the  following 
officers:  S.  R.  DeLong,  mayor;  Hiram  S.  Stevens,  treasurer;  W.  J.  Osborn, 
assessor  and  recorder,  and  Samuel  Hughes,  W.  W.  Williams,  C.  O.  Brown 
and  Wm.  S.  Oury,  councilmeu.  Of  these,  Hiram  Stevens  and  W.  S.  Oury 
have  passed  away,  but  the  rest  are  with  us. 

In  this  picture  we  are  introduced  to  some  of  the  mysteries  of  ancient 
religious  rites. 

Here  is  a  priest,  or  medicine-man,  with  one  hand  on  his 
hip  to  express  confidence  in  his  own  powers,  while  with 
right  arm  upraised  he  exorcises  the  evil  spirit  indicated  by 
the  figure  to  the  left.  The  spirit  is  troubled  and  anxious  to 
go,  but  is  held  by  the  priest's  magnetic  glare  until  the 
audience  (not  shown  in  the  picture)  is  convinced  that  there 
is  no  deception 

It  has  been  suggested  that  the  bar  between  the  limbs  is  an  effort  to 
realize  a  Masonic  apron,  but  there  is  really  no  reason  for  supposing  that 
the  ancient  Indian  carried  any  Masonic  secrets  about  him. 

Like  the  ancient  Phoenicians,  this  primitive  race  immolated  false 
prophets  on  their  own  altars,  and  in  order  to  prevent  them  from  absconding, 
when  their  exorcisms  failed,  shackled  their  limbs.  This  is  a  practice  that 
could  be  revived  to  advantage  among  our  own  people. 

The  man  who  was  most  instrumental  in  bringing  about 
The  CochiSC  a  treaty  of  peace  with  the  Chiricahua  Apaches  was  the 

Hon.  Fred.  Hughes,  to  whom  we  are  indebted  for  the 
Outbreak.  following  account  of  the  cause  of  the  first  outbreak,  in 

1860: 

Capt.  Richard  Ewell,  called  "Baldy  Ewell,"  who  afterwards  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  Confederate  service,  was  succeeded  in  command  of 
Fort  Buchanan,  at  the  head  of  the  Sonoita  valley,  sixty-five  miles  from 
Tucson,  by  Col.  Morrison,  with  two  companies  of  the  Seventh  infantry. 

A  short  time  after  he  assumed  command,  a  settler  in  the  Sonoita  valley, 
named  Ward,  came  to  the  Fort  and  complained  that  the  Indians  had  stolen 
some  of  his  horses  and  mules  and  a  Mexican  boy  whom  he  had  adopted. 
Lieut.  Bascom  was  sent  with  a  detachment  to  Apache  pass,  one  of  Cochise's 
strongholds,  with  instructions  to  recover  and  bring  back  the  stolen  prop- 
erty and  the  boy.  if  they  could  be  found.  Bascom  had  just  graduated  from 
West  Point,  and  was  as  deficient  in  judgment  as  he  was  totally  ignorant 
of  Indian  character.  He  met  Cochise  at  the  Pass  and  stated  the  object  of 
his  mission,  but  the  chief,  who  was  then  at  peace  with  the  Americans,  re- 
plied that  neither  the  stock  nor  the  boy  had  been  taken  by  his  band,  but  he 
would  try  to  discover  where  they  were  and,  if  possible,  have  them  returned. 


36  Treasure  La  ml. 

Next  day  Bascom  invited  Cochise  and  his  brother  and  two  nephews  to 
a  "big  talk,"  and  they  came  at  the  appointed  time  without  suspecting  any 
evil.  The  Lieutenant  informed  his  dusky  guests  that  he  would  hold  them 
as  hostages  until  the  property  and  the  boy  were  delivered  up,  and  con- 
signed them  under  guard  to  a  tent.  Upon  realizing  that  he  Avas  a  prisoner. 
the  Apache  chieftain  sent  forth  the  war  cry  of  his  tribe  and,  drawing  a  1mm 
knife,  slashed  open  the  side  of  the  tent  and  sprang  out,  followed  by  his 
brother.  A  desperate  hand-to-hand  struggle  with  the  soldiers  then  began, 
during  which  Cochise  received  a  bayonet  wound  in  the  knee,  and  was 
seized  by  a  powerful  infantryman.  The  agile  chief  freed  himself  from  the 
grasp  of  his  assailant  and  fled  to  the  hills. 

Lieut.  Bascom,  fearing  trouble  as  the  result  of  his  action,  retired  with 
his  troops  to  the  mail  station,  of  which  they  took  possession. 

Next  day  Cochise  appeared  and  demanded  an  assurance  from  Bascom 
that  the  prisoners  had  not  been  killed.  This  the  Lieutenant  refused  to  give. 
and  Cochise  rode  off  to  his  people.  In  the  valley  they  encountered  t\v«- 
Americans,  named  Wallace  and  Lyons,  whom  they  took  prisoners,  and 
offered  to  surrender  in  exchange  for  the  nephews  of  Cochise.  Notwith- 
standing the  appeals  of  the  two  men,  the  exchange  was  refused  and  the 
poor  fellows  were  led  back  to  be  tortured.  Next  day  another  effort  to 
exchange  was  made,  and  still  refused.  The  two  captured  Americ:ms 
pleaded  their  sufferings  without  avail,  and  at  last  urged  the  Lieutenant  t<i 
order  his  men  to  shoot  them,  so  that  they  might  be  spared  further  suffer- 
ing. To  this  also  he  turned  a  deaf  ear  and  sheltered  himself  and  his  men 
behind  the  walls  of  the  station.  At  a  favorable  moment  Lyons,  who  w;is 
a  powerful  man,  tore  himself  loose  from  the  two  Indians  that  held 
him  and  succeeded  in  scaling  the  outer  wall  of  the  station,  when  he  WMS 
shot  by  the  soldiers,  who,  in  their  confusion,  mistook  him  for  an  Apache. 

Finding  that  no  peaceful  measures  would  prevail,  and  to  strike  terror 
into  the  hearts  of  his  adversaries,  a  rope  was  thrown  around  the  neck  of 
the  remaining  captive  and  he  was  dragged  to  death  in  plain  view  of  his 
countrymen. 

That  evening  signal  fires  flashed  from  the  surrounding  mountains,  and 
next  morning  a  thousand  warriors  surrounded  the  mail  station,  and  if 
speedy  reinforcements  had  not  arrived  from  Buchanan  and  Breckenridge, 
not  a  man  would  have  escaped. 

The  captured  Indians  were  taken  to  a  point  near  the  western  end  of 
the  pass  and  there  hanged  from  the  limbs  of  an  oak  tree,  and  the  troops 
returned  home,  having  begun  the  first  act  in  the  drama  of  blood  and  rapine 
which  desolated  Southern  Arizona  for  nearly  fifteen  years. 

After  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war  all  the  forts  were  abandoned, 
and  Arizona  left  without  military  protection  until  the  arrival  of  the  Cali- 
fornia column,  in  June,  18G2. 

Mr.  Hughes  was  acting  Indian  agent  for  the  Chiricahuas  after  peaeo 
was  concluded  by  Gen.  Howard,  and  received  the  above  particulars  from 
Cochise  himself,  which  he  afterwards  verified  from  other  sources. 

He  describes  Cochise  as  a  remarkable  Indian,  who  would  have  made 
his  mark  among  men  had  his  lot  been  cast  in  a  more  fortunate  sphere  of 
life.  In  conversation  he  was  very  pleasant,  and  to  his  family  and  intimate 
friends  he  was  more  affectionate  than  the  average  white  man:  he  showed 
nothing  of  the  brutish  nature  generally  attributed  to  him.  It  was  aston- 
ishing to  see  the  power  he  had  over  this  brutal  tribe,  for  while  they  almost- 
worshipped  him,  no  man  was  ever  more  feared,  his  glance  being  enough 
to  squelch  the  most  obstreperous  member  of  the  tribe.  He  admired  cour- 
age even  in  his  enemies,  and  has  been  known  to  weep  over  the  body  of  a 
brave  American,  and  regret  the  necessity  for  his  death. 

His  death  was  deeply  lamented  by  his  tribe,  and  the  best  informed 
Americans  regretted  it,  for  they  knew  that  it  meant  a  revival  of  warfare. 


The  Stor//  of  tin    Sin,  A'/.s.s.sr/  La  ml.  37 

Just  about  the  time  that  Gen.  Howard  concluded  a 
Pnrhi«ip  T  iked  peace  with  the  Apache  chief,  Cochise,  and  appointed 

Capt.  Jeffords  agent,  Mr.  H.  C.  Hooker,  of  Sierra  Bonita, 
Whiskey.  received  word  that  some  Texas  cattle  were  being  held 

for  him  on  the  Rio  Miembres.  All  his  horses  and  mules 
that  had  not  been  stolen  by  the  Indians  were  unfit  for  service,  and  learning 
that  Capt.  Jaffords  was  with  Cochise  in  the  Dragoon  mountains  and  had  two 
fine  mules,  he  rode  over  with  one  of  his  men  to  see  if  he  could  borrow  or 
liny  them.  Upon  reaching  the  Indian  camp  he  was  seized  and  carried  be- 
I'mv  the  reuoAvned  chief,  who,  through  an  interpreter,  informed  him  that 
Capt.  Jeffords  had  gone;  the  mules,  however,  were  there,  but  he  could  not 
have  them.  He  had  some  animals  of  his  own  that  he  would  trade  off  for 

I  en  gallons  of  good  whisky,  and  asked  Mr.  Hooker  to  give  him  an  order 
for  that  amount  of  whisky  on  a  well-known  merchant  in  Tucson.     Mr. 

I 1  (inker  was  curious  to  know  how  he  could  get  the  whisky  on  the  order. 
"l'iuph!"  said  Cochise,  "I  have  among  my  people  those  who  can  go  any- 
where and  clothes  to  suit  the  character  they  play,  from  a  soldier  to  a  Mex- 
ican vaquero!"    Mr.  Hooker  refused  to  give  the  order,  but  was  allowed  to 
depart  in  peace. 

"During  the  Indian  troubles  in  Arizona  it  was  a  common 
Indian  remark  that  "the  soldiers  never  found  the  Indians  till 

the  Indians  found  them,"  and  the  truth  of  this  was  sus- 
SignalS.  tained  by  the  facts.  Not  all  of  the  critics,  however,  knew 

that  this  was  the  result  of  the  perfect  system  of  sig- 
nalling used  by  the  Indians,  by  means  of  which  they  were  able  to  telegraph 
information  from  Mojave  to  the  Rio  Grande.  Every  mountain  peak  was 
a  sentinel  post,  each  prepared  with  bundles  of  hay  arranged  in  such  a 
1 1  ia nner  that  when  one  end  of  a  bundle  was  lighted  the  smoke  bore  it  up  in 
the  air  like  a  balloon.  The  code  was  based  upon  a  numerical  system,  and 
the  signals  were  understood  and  repeated  from  peak  to  peak  and  the  move- 
ments of  the  troops  faithfully  reported. 

Footprints         Whether  the  archaeopteryx  macroura  was  a  bird-like  rep- 

..  tile  or  a  reptilian  bird,  is  a  question  that  may  worry 

geologists,  but  is  never  likely  to  give  any  of  our  readers 

Sands  Of  Time,    a  headache.    It  will,  however,  interest  them  to  learn  that 

at  some  time  in  the  Jurassic  period  they  walked  on  the 

shores  of  unlocated  lakes  or  seas  in  the  vicinity  of  Tucson. 

There  are  no  seas  here  now,  and  the  only  lakes  we  have  are  too  modern 
to  cover  the  case,  but  the  footprints  of  the  reptilian  bird  or  the  evoluting 
reptile  are  found  imprinted  on  the  stone  slabs  with  which  some  of  our 
sidewalks  are  veneered. 

We  do  not,  however,  wish  the  reader  to  infer  that  Tucson  is  so  old  that 
the  Archa?  (for  short)  walked  its  streets  in  the  Jurassic  or  Triassic  periods. 
These  footprints  show  strongest  on  the  slabs  in  front  of  the  office  of  the 
Tucson  Daily  Citizen,  and  forcibly  suggest  the  advantages  to  be  derived 
from  advertising  with  both  feet  if  you  wish  to  make  a  permanent  impres- 
sion on  the  sands  of  time. 

This  has  been  taken  for  a  landscape  and  a  kitchen 
interior,  but  it  is  neither.  It  represents  the  Deluge,  as 
plain  as  rock-painting  art  can  do  so.  and  opens  up  a 
vista  of  possibilities  that  dazzle  and  bewilder  the  mind 
of  the  savant. 

The  double  canoe  at  the  bottom  is  the  ark,  the 
;irtist  being  limited  by  his  experience,  in  portraying  the 
iin-at  vessel.  He  realized  that  Noah  and  his  family 
would  keep  out  of  t!ic  rain  and  hence  does  not  attempt  to 


38  Treasure  Land. 

represent  them.  The  apparent  tadpole  is  a  sea  serpent  disporting  on  the 
distant  wave,  and  the  candelabra  in  the  center  is  the  tree  of  life  rising 
out  of  the  waters,  while  the  unfinished  base  suggests  the  uncertainty  of 
land  tenure.  The  spectacled  fire  iron  on  the  right  is  the  great  god  of 
storms  smiling  with  both  eyes  upon  the  new-rising  earth.  Even  the 
dove  is  not  forgotten  entirely,  his  head  appearing  above  the  ark. 

If  we  had  any  doubts  as  to  the  origin  of  this  people,  this  picture 
should  settle  them.  It  has  been  claimed  that  every  primitive  people  had 
its  tradition  of  a  deluge,  but  this  is  the  Deluge  of  Noah  and  no  other. 

Ail  erroneous  impression  prevails  that  our  Spanish-Ameri- 

A  Tvnirul  can  c*tizens  are  a  drawback  to  our  advancement;  that  they 

**"  are  ignorant,    bigoted   and   unprogressive.     While   this   may 

Spanisn-  ^e   true   Of   their    lowest   class,    as   it   is   'of   our   own,    they 

American.  average    well    in    intelligence    and    the    highest    quality    of 

citizenship.      We    reckon    among    them    many    of    our    best 

people,   some   of  whom  have  attained  eminence   in   public   life   and   enjoy   the 

respect  and  confidence  of  all  classes.     In  the  early  days   they  stood   shoulder 

to   shoulder  with  us   to   repel   the  murderous   Apache,   and   now,   in   the    time 

of  peace,  they  keep  step  in  the  march  of  progress. 

Among  those  who  have  become  distinguished,  the  Hon.  M.  G.  Samaniego 
stands  in  the  front  rank,  being  identified  with  every  progressive  movement 
that  has  taken  place  during  the  last  thirty  years.  During  the  Indian  up- 
risings, his  business  of  freighting  for  the  government  military  posts  exposed 
him  to  constant  loss  and  peril.  He  was  a  member  of  the  jury  empaneled  to 
try  the  actors  in  the  Fort  Grant  massacre.  He  was  the  first  assessor  elected 
in  Pima  county,  has  served  four  terms  in  the  city  council  and  four  on 
the  board  of  county  supervisors,  represented  the  county  in  the  legislature 
and  was  appointed  one  of  the  first  regents  of  the  university.  At  present  he 
is  a  member  of  the  board  of  supervisors,  regent  of  the  university,  trustee  of 
the  Catholic  cathedral,  a  leading  member  of  the  Spanish-American  society, 
and  charter  member  of  the  Philarmonic  club.  These  distinctions  are  cited 
merely  to  show  our  reader  the  high  esteem  we  entertain  for  our  Spanish- 
American  citizens,  and  this  is  no  solitary  instance  of  our  appreciation. 

Mr.  Samaniego  suffered  much  from  the  Indians  in  early  days,  and  lost 
his  brother  at  Willow  Springs,  Graham  county,  as  late  as  1881,  together  with 
all  his  freighting  stock.  His  energy  was  undaunted  by  reverses  and  he 
made  new  opportunities  until  he  acquired  more  than  he  had  lost.  He  is  now 
one  of  our  largest  property  owners  and  is  interested  in  stock  raising  and 
other  industries.  As  proprietor  of  the  principal  stage  lines  in  the  county, 
running  regularly  to  Oro  Blanco,  Arivaca,  Nogales  and  Mammoth,  he  is  in 
close  touch  with  our  resources,  and  pronounces  them  unapproachable.  As 
a  prominent  member  of  the  Society  of  Arizona  Pioneers,  he  links  the  past 
with  the  present  and  shares  the  glory  of  the  upbuilding  of  the  future  com- 
monwealth of  Arizona. 

On  the  1st  of  January  next,  Tucson  will  be  entitled  to  free 
mail   delivery    under   the   postal   regulations,    and   this    fact 

Thirty  Years  has  reminded  Mr.   W.   W.   Williams,   the  reliable  real  estate 

.  and    insurance    agent,    of    the    postal    facilities    thirty    years 

ago.     Mr.   Williams  was  a  member  of  the  old  firm  of  Lord 

&  Williams,   one  of  the  pioneer  merchandising  and  banking 

establishments  of  Arizona.  In  1864  there  were  no  regular  mail  facilities,  and 
private  letters  only  reached  here  through  the  courtesy  of  the  army  officers, 
and  when  there  happened  to  be  room  in  the  mail  pouches  for  them.  Mr.  Wil- 
liams instances  as  a  case  of  rapid  transit  a  letter  mailed  in  New  York,  Oc- 
tober 3,  which  reached  Cerro  Colorado  May  31  of  the  following  year.  The 
mails  were  carried  by  express  riders,  who  were  often  stopped  by  Indians, 
and  on  such  occasions  everything,  including  the  mail  carrier,  went  to  a  dead 
letter  office  not  established  by  the  government. 


The  Stoi-y  of  the  Suu-Kixsr.il  Land.  39 

Transportation  was  equally  precarious.  Merchandise  was  brought  over- 
land from  California  or  by  steamer  to  the  Gulf,  up  the  river  to  Yuma,  and 
thence  by  wagon  to  Tucson,  at  a  cost  of  twenty  cents  per  pound  in  gold, 
greenbacks  being  worth  only  forty-five  cents.  Goods  from  the  East  by  ox- 
wagons  through  New  Mexico  cost  about  the  same,  and  required  from  ten  to 
twelve  months  for  the  trip.  Nevertheless,  the  old  firm  of  Lord  &  Williams 
carried  a  stock  of  nearly  $200,000  and  controlled  the  chief  trade  of  Southern 
Arizona  and  Sonora. 

In  1867,  Tucson  was  a  typical  frontier  town,  with  a  popula- 
tion  of  about  1,300,    of  whom   not  less   than  1,000  were  Mex- 
Further  icans.     The  chief  industry   was   the   furnishing  of   supplies 

Particulars.  to  the  government  at  exorbitant  prices.     The  paymaster  ar- 

rived every  six  months  and  for  a  short  time  money  was 
plentiful.  Gambling  was  a  recognized  profession,  and  the 
money  was  concentrated  so  swiftly  that  in  a  few  weeks  currency  disappeared 
from  general  circulation  and  vouchers  took  its  place.  The  code  of  honor 
was  supreme,  and  a  common  danger  made  men  fearless  and  resolute.  A 
mini's  life  was  not  safe  a  mile  from  town,  for  the  Apache  claimed  to  rule  the 
suburbs  absolutely.  Every  inducement  -was  held  out  to  them  to  preserve 
the 'peace,  and  they  made  many  promises  of  good  behaviour,  none  of  which 
they  kept  longer  than  was  necessary  to  gather  a  new  stock  of  ammunition 
and  recruit  their  forces. 

This  condition  of  affairs  culminated  in  the  so-called  Fort  Grant  massacre, 
further  particulars  of  which  have  been  furnished  us  by  the  Hon.  Sam.  H. 
Drachman,  who  reached  Tucson,  September  4,  1867. 

"I  had  a  contract  to  deliver  1,000  tons  of  hay  at  old  Camp  Grant  when 
the  trouble  began,  and  had  a  great  deal  of  it  stacked  when  peace  was  ar- 
ranged, and  the  Indians  signaled  to  outlying  bands  by  setting  my  stacks  on 
fire.  The  murdering  of  settlers  went  on  just  the  same,  however,  and  the 
people  of  Tucson  were  finally  so  aroused  that  they  determined  to  take  mat- 
ters into  their  own  hands. 

William  Oury,  since  deceased,  wrote  to  me  to  call  upon  Lieut.  Whit- 
man and  request  him  to  stop  giving  passes  to  the  Indians.  I  did  so,  but  no 
attention  was  paid  to  my  request,  and  I  so  informed  Mr.  Oury. 

The  result  was  that  a  force  of  150  men,  Americans,  Mexicans  and  Papago 
Indians,  was  quietly  organized  and  marched  to  Old  Fort  Grant,  arriving 
there  at  the  break  of  day.  Negotiations  were  opened  with  the  Apaches  by  a 
deadly  fusilade  that  made  193  good  Indians,  and  there  being  no  more  to 
negotiate  with,  the  party  retraced  their  steps  to  Tucson. 

As  soon  as  the  authorities  at  Washington  were  informed  of  the  'mas- 
sacre,' an  official  was  sent  out  to  prosecute  all  concerned.  Warrants  were 
issued  for  the  majority  of  the  participants  and  they  were  brought  to  trial. 
The  trial  lasted  thirty  days  and  resulted,  as  might  have  been  expected,  in  a 
verdict  of  'Not  Guilty,'  the  presumption  being  that  the  Apaches  had  com- 
mitted suicide. 

This  sudden  retribution  brought  peace  to  Southern  Arizona  for  a  num- 
ber of  years,  and  struck  terror  into  the  heart  of  the  cowardly  Apache." 

In   1867   there    were    about    half  a   dozen    stores    in    Tucson, 

well  stocked  with  all  kinds  of  merchandise,   but  the  prices 

Prices  in  were  not  the  popular  ones  of  to-day  by  any  means,   for  it 

1878.  took  from   three  to  twelve  months  to  replenish  the  stocks. 

Hon.   Sam.   H.    Drachman    gives  us   some   quotations   on 

staple  articles,  as  follows: 

Coal  oil,  $8  per  gallon;  sugar,  75  cents  per  pound;  coffee,  $1.50;  common 
soap,  50  cents  a  bar;  calicoes,  50  cents  a  yard,  and  other  goods  Jn  proportion. 

The  advent  of  the  railroad  changed  all  this,  and  at  tne  present  time 
i-;isli>rn  prices  generally  prevail. 


Treasure  Land. 


SAN  XAVIKR  HOTEL:    1.    Side  View. 

2.    Dining  Room. 
:>>.    Bar. 


Here  the 
Weary  Rest. 


A  sarcastical  philosopher,  who  had  traveled  extensively, 
remarked  that,  "Any  one  can  run  a  hotel,"  because  he 
found  that  nearly  everyone  tried  to  do  it.  We  know,  how- 
ever, that  the  business  calls  for  the  possession  of  rare 
abilities  and  long  experience,  and  only  a  few  really  achieve 
success  in  it.  While  we  can  not  compete  in  size  and 

style,    or    even    in    prices,    with    the    Eastern    hotel,    the    traveler    who    visits 
Tucson  will  find  ample  and  pleasant  accommodation. 

The  San  Xavier  hotel,  at  the  depot  of  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad,  has 
everything  to  recommend  it,  and  the  proprietor,  Capt.  J.  H.  Tevis,  is  one 
of  the  most  genial  hosts  that  ever  lived.  He  came  to  Arizona  in  1857,  one 
year  before  the  overland  stage  began  to  run;  commanded  the  first  regiment 
of  rangers  raised  in  Arizona,  and  had  charge  of  the  perilous  station  at 
Apache  pass.  He  founded  the  town  of  Teviston  (Bowie  station),  and  has 
been  actively  engaged  in  mining,  merchandising  and  hotel-keeping  for  all 
the  years  he  has  been  here. 

He  assumed  charge  of  the  San  Xavier,  May  22,  1897,  and  with  his  ac- 
customed energy,  entirely  refurnished  the  capacious  dining  room,  and  made 
other  changes  that  add  materially  to  the  comfort  and  elegance  of  the  es- 
tablishment. The  hotel  is  situated  on  the  highest  point  of  the  city  and 
commands  a  fine  view  of  the  pine-clad  Santa  Catalinas  and  Santa  Ritas,  and 
an  almost  endless  vista  of  undulating  mesa,  from  the  balconies. 

The  accompanying  views  will  give  the  reader  a  better  idea  of  the  hotel 
and  its  situation  can  can  be  conveyed  in  words. 


LIFE  is  PLEASANT 


HERE  ARE  TREASURES  or  HEALTH. 


s 


1.  Sabino  Canyon,  near  Tucson. 

2.  La  Ventana,  Summit  of  Sta.  Catalina  Mts. 

3.  Silver  Lake,  near  Tucson. 


Oh,  bear  me  away  to  that  favored  clime, 

Where  Life  reclines  on  the  lap  of  Time, 

And  you  watch  the  smiling  years  roll  by, 

While  you  lint  to  the  gentle  lullaby 

Of  zephyrs  that  play  with  the  bright  sunbeams, 

And  the  flower  a  that  bloom  in  that  Land  of  Dreams. 


12  Treasure  Land. 

_.  In  bulletin  No.  20,  of  the  University  Experiment  Station, 

the  question  of  Temperature  is  so  thoroughly  covered 
Temperature        that  we  make  no  apology  to  our  reader  for  reproducing 
in  An'ynna  ^  almost  entire. 

n  Arizona.  jn  auy  ulqUjrv  regarding  Arizona  the  question  first 

raised  is  that  of  temperature.  The  widely  circulated  tales  of  the  would-be 
humorists  have  done  more  than  all  else  to  give  Arizona  the  name  of  being 
uninhabitable.  Generations  of  actual  residents  will  have  passed  away 
before  the  harmful  effects  of  these  thoughtless  tales  wholly  disappear,  and 
the  knowledge  secures  general  recognition  that  this  region  is  not  the 
desert  it  has  been  represented. 

The  simple  thermometer  does  not  measure  temperatures  as  felt  by 
animal  life.  We  may  term  the  reading  of  an  accurate  thermometer  the 
actual,  and  the  sensation  of  heat  or  cold  as  felt  by  the  higher  orders  of 
animal  life  the  sensible  temperature.  Neither  of  these  is  a  measure  of 
the  other,  but  the  humidity  of  the  air  must  be  considered  In  connection 
with  the  actual  temperature.  The  reputation  of  Arizona  has  long  suf- 
fered from  the  prevalent  ignorance  on  this  point.  Records  of  maximum 
temperatures  enable  comparisons  to  be  made  which  appear  unfavorable 
to  Arizona,  and  lead  to  the  belief  that  the  heat  of  this  so-called  desert 
region  must  be  almost,  if  not  wholly,  unendurable. 

Everybody  knows  something  about  that  condition  of  the 

No  Mllg'C'V  weather  which  is  variously  termed  "sultry,"  "close,"  or 

ssj  "muggy,"  the  result  of  a  combination  of  heat  and  moist 

Weather.  air,   especially  noticeable  in  the  states  bordering  upon 

large  bodies  of  water,  such  as  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  or 

the  Great  Lakes,  and  it  is  conspicuously  absent  from  Arizona. 

In  the  dry  air  of  this  territory   "sun-strokes"   are   uu- 
j^0  known,   while  in  the  Mississippi  valley  and  the  states 

lying  eastward,  prostrations  from  heat  and  fatalities  are 
Sun-Stroke.  numerous  whenever  the  thermometer  indicates  90°  F. 

or  upwards.  At  many  places  along  the  sea  coast  where 
the  humidity  always  remains  near  the  point  of  saturation,  a  temperature 
of  85°  brings  excessive  discomfort,  and  exertion  or  exposure  to  the  sun 
is  extremely  hazardous,  but  men  and  the  lower  animals  perform  in  safety 
their  customary  labor  beneath  the  cloudless  skies  of  Arizona  under  the 
highest  temperatures  ever  experienced  here.  The  dry  air  induces  ex- 
ceedingly rapid  evaporation  of  the  abundant  perspiration,  thus  keeping 
the  body  at  a  comparatively  low  temperature.  As  a  matter  of  course, 
the  supply  of  fluid  must  be  maintained,  hence  the  great  thirst  so  often 
experienced  by  travelers,  and  the  imperative  necessity  for  an  adequate 
supply  of  drinking  water. 

An  amount  ranging  from  15°  to  perhaps  30°,  according  to  the  hu- 
midity, should  be  subtracted  from  the  records  of  maximum  actual  tem- 
peratures during  the  hot  season  in  Arizona  to  indicate  the  sensible  tem- 
peratures. 

The  University  of  Arizona,  near  Tucson,  is  situated  in  latitude  32° 
14'  N.,  longitude  110°  53'  W.,  elevation  2,430.  Its  climate  is  fairly  rep- 
resentative of  a  large  portion  of  Southern  Arizona,  which  must  always 
remain  the  chief  agricultural  portion  of  the  territory.  For  purposes  of 
comparison  of  the  climate  of  Southern  Arizona  with  that  of  other  localities, 
ten  stations  of  the  weather  bureau  have  been  chosen,  which  form,  with 
Tucson,  a  continuous  circuit  of  the  United  States,  starting  from  Floridn, 
crossing  the  Gulf  states  to  the  Pacific  ocean;  thence  eastward  across  :i 
more  northern  tier  of  states  to  the  Atlantic  ocean,  at  Boston: 


Life  is  Pleasant  and  Here  are  Treasures  of  Health. 
MAXIMUM    TEMPERATURES  IN  1893. 


Temperatures 
Compared. 

^SS« 
5.2  9,  » 
a'i'SoB 

H     « 

>> 

CC 

2 

a 

as 
i-s 

February 

March 

'- 
a 
< 

£ 

s 

0> 

a 
HT» 

>f 
p 

1-3 

.+J 

OD 

7 

be 

3 

<5 

S'pt'mb'r 

October 

Nov'mb'r 

Dec'mb'r 

Annual 

STATION. 

Feet. 

Jacksonville,  Fla  
New  Orleans,  La  
Galveston,  Tex  

43 

54 
42 

2,432 
330 
153 
5,287 
850 
824 
85 
120 

72 
72 
70 

73 
84 
60 
64 
33 
46 
45 
53 

89 
72 

72 

80 
79 
69 
60 
37 
46 
51 
53 

84 
79 

78 

92 
88 
78 
80 
51 
69 
52 
58 

90 
84 
80 

91 

84 
72 
77 
72 
84 
72 
68 

93 
90 
86 

98 
90 
74 
87 
79 
83 
88 
88 

95 
94 
90 

107 
90 
90 
94 
91 
85 
95 
94 

100 
94 
92 

107 
89 
74 
96 
98 
94 
92 
91 

95 
93 
91 

102 
92 
72 
92 
97 
95 
94 
93 

96 
95 
92 

99 
90 
72 
89 
94 
95 
79 
80 

88 
86 
86 

92 
91 

79 
81 
82 
81 
75 
79 

84 
80 
79 

84 
86 
74 
71 

74 
67 
58 
68 

77 
79 
74 

76 
88 
72 
65 
40 
58 
54 
57 

100 
95 
92 

L07 
92 
90 
9G 
98 
95 
9G 
94 

University  of  Arizona, 
Tucson         

Los  Angeles,  Cal  

San  Francisco,  Cal.  .  . 
Denver,  Colo  

St.  Paul,  Minn  

Chicago,  111  

Albany,  N.Y  

Boston,  Mass  

From  an  inspection  of  this  table  it  will  be  seen  that  the  maximum 
winter  temperatures  of  Southern  Arizona  are  very  nearly  the  same  as 
those  of  the  Gulf  states.  Those  of  summer  are  considerably  higher,  but 
taking  into  account  the  relative  humidity  at  the  same  stations,  the  sum- 
mer climate  of  Arizona  is  far  less  trying  than  that  of  the  states  border- 
ing on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Thus  the  June  temperature  of  107°  at 
Tucson  with  relative  humidity  at  only  22  per  cent,  is  far  preferable  to 
that  of  any  other  city  in  tlie  list  with  temperatures  of  85°  to  95°  and 
humidity  at  65  to  83  per  cent. 


Hunt        ^n  tue  ^s*-  °^  November  I  went  up  to  the  pinery  east 
of  Mt.   Lemmou,   prepared   for  bear.     After  wandering 
in  the  about,   climbing   crags   and   following  the   windings   of 

St  Catalinas  dark  ravines  for  three  hours,  I  decided  to  rest,  and 
reaching  the  brow  of  a  steep  declivity,  I  threw  myself 
at  full  length  under  the  overhanging  branches  of  a  fine  maple,  whose 
glistening  leaves,  now  tinged  with  gold,  evoked  vivid  memories  of  my 
eastern  home. 

Accidentally  glancing  across  the  narrow  valley  I  saw  a  big  black 
bear  with  two  well  grown  cubs.  The  bear  saw  me  at  the  same  in- 
stant, and  looked  towards  me  with  such  an  expression  of  confidence  in 
my  good  intentions  that  I  could  not  at  first  find  it  in  my  heart  to  shoot. 
But  the  hunting  instinct  prevailed  over  finer  feeling,  and  aiming  at  her 
breast,  I  fired. 

The  beast  jumped  forward  through  the  brush  into  the  valley  and 
up  the  hill  toward  me,  and  I  was  so  overcome  with  nervousness  that  I 
never  thought  of  firing  again,  but  sought  safety  on  a  limb  of  the  treo, 
about  twenty  feet  from  the  ground,  leaving  my  rifle  on  the  ground.  The 
bear  came  within  a  few  yards  of  the  tree,  took  ft  good  look  at  me,  and 
sniffing  contemptuously,  returned  to  her  cubs. 

Her  departure  restored  my  courage,  and  its  evident  contempt  made 
me  angry  to  blood-thirstiness.  I  descended  from  my  perch,  seized  my 
rifle,  and  advancing  to  the  edge  of  the  valley  sighted  my  game  frolicing 
up  tho  mountain  side  with  her  cubs. 


44 

This  time  a  cub  got  in  the  way  of  the  bullet,  but  the  trio  continued 
their  journey  with  apparent  unconcern.  I  followed  the  trail  for  another 
shot  until  darkness  approached,  when  I  returned  to  camp. 

Next  morning  I  saddled  a  burro  to  carry  the  bear  when  I  killed  it, 
and  striking  a  faint  trail  of  blood,  followed  it  a  mile  along  the  summit 
until  it  was  lost  in  a  tangle  of  wild  blackberries  and  ferns. 

While  I  debated  which  direction  to  take  I  heard  a  low  groan,  and 
taking  a  position  under  a  low  cherry  tree  I  waited  for  the  groaner  to 
appear.  In  a  few  moments  the  bear  came  forth,  followed  by  her  cubs; 
she  held  her  nose  high  in  the  air,  and  smelling  her  tormentor  of  the 
previous  day,  rushed  towards  me.  I  fired  a  shot  at  her  breast  and 
evidently  hit  her  somewhere,  for  she  jumped  up  and  then  fel\  back  and 
rolled  down  the  hill,  the  cubs  scrambling  after  in  comical  amazement. 

I  looked  over  and  saw  the  animal  sitting  up,  with  the  cubs  about  her 
crying  pitifully.  I  was  merciless  though  and  fired  another  shot,  which 
met  an  adverse  current  of  air  somewhere  and  sizzed  away  from  the 
mark. 

Then  I  beheld  the  strangest  scene  I  ever  witnessed.  Forgetful  of 
her  own  sufferings  the  bear  caught  her  cubs  and  drew  them  to  her 
breast  as  if  to  protect  them;  one  of  them  pulled  away  and  she  reached 
for  it  again,  and  hugged  both  to  her  breast  like  a  human  mother,  while 
her  great  strange  eyes  seemed  to  appeal  to  me  to  spare  them. 

So  striking  was  the  appeal  that  I  could  not  find  it  in  my  heart  to 
try  to  hit  her  again.  I  untied  my  burro  and  returned  to  camp,  feeling 
that  I  had  nearly  committed  a  murder. 

Believes  in  -^r-    Mark    A.    Rodgers,    a    member    of    the    American 

_  Climatological  Society,  has  issued  a  pamphlet  on  "The 

Climate   of   Arizona,"   which   covers   the   subject   fully, 

Life.  and  for  the  benefit  of  our  readers  we  subjoin  a  few 

extracts  from  this  publication: 

"My  experience  has  impressed  upon  me  the  necessity  for  out-door 
life  in  the  treatment  of  pulmonary  tuberculosis.  In  order  that  the  patient 
may  live  continuously  in  the  open  air  for  a  period  of  several  months,  or, 
for  that  matter,  for  a  year,  or  several  years,  a  climate  is  required  which 
is  continuously  warm  and  dry.  Such  a  climate  the  United  States  dors 
not  possess,  but  the  nearest  approach  to  it  is  in  Arizona. 

"Physicians  rarely  send  their  patients  to  the  arid  regions  during  the 
summer,  and  this  I  consider  a  great  mistake.  The  patients  should  be 
sent  to  the  arid  regions  so  soon  as  there  is  evidence  of  infection  from  the 
tubercle  bacillus,  and  should  be  made  to  remain  there  until  they  are  well, 
or  until  it  is  apparent  that  the  case  is  hopeless.  For  those  who  can 
stand  warm  weather,  I  think  the  summers  much  better  than  the  win- 
ters, for,  owing  to  the  heat,  everybody  is  compelled  to  sleep  out  of  doors, 
and  this  I  consider  more  important  than  any  other  feature  of  the  climate. 

"If  they  have  the  means  to  travel  about,  there  are  many  places  of 
interest  which  they  can  visit,  and  thus  add  greatly  to  their  pleasures. 
For  example,  during  the  hot  months  of  summer,  the  patient  may  visit 
many  of  the  most  interesting  and  remarkable  natural  wonders  which  the 
world  possesses,  among  which  may  be  mentioned  the  Grand  Canon  of 
the  Colorado,  the  Wind  Carved  Rocks,  the  Petrified  Forests  and  Cliff 
Dwellings.  The  numerous  ruins,  which  are  found  all  over  the  territory, 
with  their  hieroglyphics  and  pictoglyphics,  will  repay  investigation  by  the 
student  of  ethnology.  In  the  country  surrounding  Flagstaff,  in  the  San 
Francisco  mountains,  is  the  largest  unbroken  pine  forest  in  the  United 
States,  and  here  the  sportsman  will  find  deer,  antelope  and  bear,  not  to 
speak  of  small  game  and  fish." 


Life  i*   r/r<isunt  and  Iferc  art'   Trciimiri's  of  Health.  45 

But  the  health-seeker  need  iiot  go  so  far  for  a  summer 
Nnt  Pn  outing.  The  wooded  ranges  of  the  Santa  Catalinas  and 
nui  Santa.  Ritas,  within  a  few  miles  of  Tucson,  afford  all 

SO  Far.  the  recreation  he  needs  in  the  way  of  moderate  tem- 

perature, hunting  or  scenery. 

Iii  the  southern  part  of  the  county,  in  the  Huachuca  and  Patagonia 
mountains,  is  some  of  the  finest  scenery  in  the  world,  with  hunting  and 
tishiug  to   the  heart's   content.     If  he  does  not   care   to  camp   out,   the 
city  of  Nogales  has  good  hotel  accommodations  and  a  summer  tempera- 
ture that  can  not  be  excelled,  with  mountain  and  forest  to  its  very  limits. 
"During  the  greater  part  of  the  year  the  inhabitants  of 
NO  Insects  or        Southern  Arizona  sleep  out  of  doors.     It  is  difficult  at 
first  to  induce  the  'tenderfoot'  to  sleep  in  the  open  air. 
Reptiles.  He  has  visions  of  tarantulse,  scorpions  and  centipedes, 

which  are  disquieting.  In  the  course  or  time,  how- 
ever, he  learns  that  these  insects  are  so  rare  as  to  be  curiosities,  and 
that  their  sting  is  to  be  dreaded  not  so  much  as  that  of  a  California 
tiea.  The  sensational  Arizona  tales  of  poisonous  reptiles  and  insects,  of 
murderous  Apache  raids,  and  of  cow-boy  and  desperado  shooting  scrapes 
have  no  modern  foundation  in  truth. 

"Many  physicians   in   the   East  order  patients   to   California   for   the 
winter,  apparently  with  a  view  of  sending  them  to  a  dry  climate.     The 
relative   humidity   in   southern   California   is   as   great,   and   in   some   in- 
stances  greater,    than   that   of   the   Atlantic   coast,   and 
Better  than  many  of  the  best  physicians  in  California  regularly  send 

their  tubercular  and  asthmatic  patients  to  Tucson.  Cal- 
Caliiomia.  ifornia  is  a  beautiful  country,  but  the  fogs  which  come 

in  from  the  sea,  and  the  emanations  from  the  vast  irri- 
gated regions,  make  it  far  inferior  to  the  inland  desert  regions  for 
phthisical  patients.  I  think  it  may  be  assumed  as  a  general  rule  that 
\vhorever  there  is  irrigation  there  is  a  high  degree  of  relative  humidity, 
and  patients  suffering  from  pulmonary  phthisis  should  never  be  sent 
to  an  irrigated  district.  Indeed,  some  of  the  California  physicians  have 
declared  that  'irrigation  and  malaria  go  together.' 

"The  city  of  Tucson  has,  in  my  opinion,  advantages  as 
TllCSOn  IS  a  nea^tu  resort  which  can  not  be  equalled  anywhere  in 

North  America.     I  know  of  no  locality  where  such  a 
First.  moderate    winter    climate    and    such    a    low    degree    of 

relative  humidity  are  combined  with  the  same  latitude 
and  altitude.  It  is  no  longer  considered  imperative  to  send  tubercular 
patients  to  an  altitude  of  5,000  feet,  or  over.  In  fact,  clinical  experience 
lias  proven  that  more  frequently  patients  require  to  be  sent  to  an  alti- 
tude of  less,  rather  than  more  than  3,000  feet.  The  altitude  of  Tucson 
is  2,400  feet,  and  that  seems  to  be  amply  high  for  all  but  the  most 
exceptional  cases.  The  city  is  situated  in  a  basin  near  the  underground 
Santa  Cruz  river.  It  is  completely  walled  in  by  massive  mountain  ranges. 
To  the  north  is  the  Santa  Catalina  range;  to  the  east,  the  Rincon;  to  the 
south,  the  Santa  Rita,  and  on  the  west,  the  Tucson.  Each  of  these 
ranges  has  an  altitude  of  5,000  feet,  at  least.  Mount  Lemon,  the  highest 
peak  of  the  Santa  Catalinas.  has  an  elevation  of  10.000  feet,  and  Mount 
Wrightson,  in  the  Santa  Ritas,  reaches  an  altitude  of  nearly  11,000  feet. 

•The  scenery  at  Tucson  is  as  impressive  as  anywhere  in  the  Rocky 
mountains,  and  the  gorgeous  sunrises  and  sunsets  beggar  description. 

"During  the  nine  months,  October  to  June,  inclusive,  1894-5,  there  were 
but  twenty-five  cloudy  days,  and  nine  of  these  were  in  one  month.  Some 
idea  of  the  transparency  of  the  atmosphere  may  be  had  when  I  state 
that,  at  midday,  and  with  the  unaided  eye,  I  have  seen  Venus  when  it 
\vas  but  ten  degrees  east  of  the  sun. 


46 


Land. 


One  of  the 
Cured. 

that  time  he  has 
man." 


"The  writer  feels  kindly  toward  Arizona.  One  year  :\KO. 
in  Philadelphia,  he  was  attacked  with  two  hemorrhages 
from  the  lungs;  he  had  a  bad  cough,  and  was  losing 
flesh  rapidly.  On  the  advice  of  a  distinguished  member 
of  the  Climatological  Society,  he  came  to  Tucson.  Since 
gained  twenty-six  pounds  in  weight,  and  now  is  a  well 


CACTUS  GARDEX. 

Among  the  curiosities  of  the  Santa  Cruz  valley  is  a  rare 

A  Marsupial          ^s^  *na*  's  ^oun<^  m  the  river  in  large  quantities.     In 

size  it  is  insignificant,  but  the  manner  in  which  its  young 

Fish.  is  produced  is  contrary  to  all  precedent.     Unlike  others, 

it  does  not   spawn,   but   incubates   its  young  after  the 

manner  of  the  mammals.     We  do  not  know  whether  or  not  any  scientific 

observation  has  been  made  of  this  species,  and  could  not  credit  the  fact 

until  we  proved  it  by  personal  investigation. 


f.ifc   i  ft   I'fcdfttnif  tin  *  I   IIi'i-i'  lire   TrraxnrrH  of  U<'«Hh.  47 

After  referring  to  the  fact  that  our  best  authority  on 
Do  Trees  Grow  American  forests  credits  Arizona  with  the  possession  of 
the  largest  unbroken  forest  areas  in  the  United  States, 
in  Arizona?  rrof.  .1.  W.  Tourney,  professor  of  botany  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Arizona,  gives  some  particulars  in  a  recent  pub- 
lication, as  follows: 

"The  Yellow  Pine  (Pinus  ponderosa)  is  the  only  species  of  Arizona  pine 
covering  large  areas  suitable  for  lumber.  It  is  a  beautiful  tree,  frequently 
live  foot  or  more  in  diameter.  Although  this  pine  is  the  most  abundant 
and  widely  distributed  of  our  forest  trees,  the  lumber  products  of  a  num- 
ber of  other  species  are  of  some  importance,  but  on  account  of  the  more 
inaccessible  regions  in  which  they  grow  they  have  not,  as  yet,  been  utilized 
to  a  very  groat  extent.  The  yellow  pine  is  usually  found  at  an  elevation 
between  5,500  and  7.500  feet,  and  at  a  conservative  estimate  it  occurs  in 
quantity  sufficient  to  provide,  at  the  present  rate  of  consumption,  for  at 
least  a  century. 

"Above  the  zone  of  yellow  pine  occur  species  of  white  pine,  fir,  balsam 
and  spruce,  while  the  trees  in  the  zone  immediately  below  are  mostly  nut 
pines  and  junipers,  intermingled  with  a  variety  of  deciduous  species. 

"The  Mesquite  is  the  most  important  of  the  deciduous  trees  of  Southern 
Arizona.  It  provides  fuel  over  large  areas  where  other  trees  are  meager 
and  scattered.  The  wood  is  about  as  heavy  as  oak,  and  the  fuel  value  is 
equal,  cord  for  cord,  to  hickory.  Its  durability,  exposed  to  the  weather 
or  submerged  in  water,  is  very  great,  hence  it  is  of  considerable  value  for 
fence  posts  and  other  similar  uses. 

"The  foliage,  and  more  especially  the  ripened  pods,  contain  a  high  per- 
centage of  nutriment,  and  make  excellent  forage.  This  tree  has  a  greater 
variety  of  uses  than  any  other  American  tree. 

"The  general  impression  is  that  Arizona  has  but  few  species  of  in- 
digenous trees.  Quite  to  the  contrary,  however,  Hie  number  of  our  native 
species  is  excelled  by  but  few  states  in  the  Union.  Among  our  indigenous 
trees  are  nine  species  of  pine,  ten  of  oak,  three  of  palo-verde,  three  of  ash, 
besides  maple,  walnut,  sycamore,  locust,  alder,  elder,  fir,  cypress,  balsam, 
spruce,  cherry,  arbutus,  juniper,  and  many  others  of  less  importance. 

"A  number  of  our  trees  grow  to  considerable  size— black  oak,  four  and 
one-half  feet  in  diameter,  Avalnut  four  feet,  while  some  of  our  northern 
pines  and  firs  are  even  larger. 

"There  is  but  little  question  that  when  the  people  of  Arizona  become 
fully  awakened  to  the  value  of  a  number  of  our  native  trees  and  shrubs 
for  ornamental  purposes,  a  much  more  extended  use  will  be  made  of  them. 
They  will  be  grown  in  preference  to  the  much  less  hardy  plants  from  other 
places. 

"Our  native  trees  and  shrubs  will  grow  with  a  limited  amount  of  care 
and  a  minimum  supply  of  water.  Introduced  species  grown  for  ornamental 
purposes,  as  a  rule,  require  more  care  and  water  than  many  can  afford  to 
give  them.  As  a  single  illustration,  our  native  white  ash  (Fraxinns  vclutinn) 
is  a  most  valuable  shade  tree  for  general  purposes,  being  of  rapid  growth 
and  of  but  little  expense." 

_.      _.  ..        From  the  grassy  mesa  we  see,  on  the  mountain  tops  the 

tall   pines,   and   below  the  foothills,   brown  and   purple, 

the  St.  Cata-         tne  brilliant  verdure  of  the  cottonwood  and  sycamore,  re- 

,-       ,yr-  lieved  by  the  darker  foliage  of  the  mesquite  and  iron- 

ls*  wood.     If  we  take  a  ride  up  the  canons  we   may   see 

juniper,  oak,  ash,  alder  and  walnut,  but  we  catch  no  glimpse  of  the  glorious 

flora  hidden  in  tho  wilderness  of  mountain  gulch  and  crag  above  us.     Fie 

who  would  revel  in  nature's  prodigality  must  seek  the  higher  spots,  and 


48 


Treasure  Land. 


there,  where  the  pine  growth  begins,  he  will  flnd,  from  March  to  Angus!. 
a  flora  that  will  amaze  while  it  delights,  bringing  with  it  refreshing 
memories  of  climes  lighted  by  the  sunshine  of  youth,  and  associations  sev- 
ered perhaps  forever. 

He  will  find  six  varieties  of  the  graceful  campanula,  a  number  of  rhodo- 
dendrons, and  in  early  April  the  sweet,  red-cheeked  strawberry  of  the  wild 
woods,  and  luscious  blackberries  hiding  in  luxurious  grass,  reaching  above 
his  waist. 

Last  spring,  at  an  elevation  of  3,000  feet.  I  counted  no  less  than  twenty 
varieties  of  blooming  plants  Avithin  a  circle  of  less  than  ten  yards  in  diam- 
eter, forming,  with  the  ferns  and  grasses,  a  floral  carpet  that  nature's 
loom  never  excelled  for  beauty,  while  the  surrounding  trees  were  decked 
with  evergreen  ivy. 


GIANT  CACTUS. 


A  YOUNG  Oil  A  NT. 


Life  is  Pleasant  find  Here  are  Treasures  of  Health.  40 

We  have  a  number  of  letters  and  interviews  to  the  same 
Should  Stay  effect  as  the  following.  They  emphasize  our  statement 
y  that,  in  order  to  get  the  best  results  from  our  climate,  a 
With  It.  continuous  residence  is  necessary  when  the  disease  is 

deep-seated:  "For  several  years  before  coming  to  South- 
ern Arizona  I  had  been  afflicted  with  a  severe  cough,  and  my  lungs  were 
badly  diseased.  I  traveled  extensively  without  finding  more  than  tempo- 
rary relief,  but  began  to  improve  permanently  as  soon  as  I  reached  this 
warm,  dry  climate.  Within  six  months  the  cough  left  me,  but  for  several 
years  afterwards  would  return  as  soon  as  I  changed  from  this  climate  to 
California  or  the  Eastern  states;  but  now,  after  a  residence  of  eight  years, 
I  consider  myself  completely  cured  and  can  live  almost  anywhere. 

"My  experience  is  the  same  as  that  of  nearly  every  person  who  has 
given  this  climate  a  fair  trial,  bjit  any  one  who  expects  to  eradicate  an  or- 
ganic disease  like  consumption,  which  is  the  result  of  years  of  neglect  or 
heredity  predisposition,  in  the  time  covered  by  a  return  ticket  to  Arizona, 
had  better  stay  at  home  and  save  his  money  for  funeral  expenses. 

"It  is  an  admitted  fact  that  no  medical  treatment  has  yet  been  discov- 
ered that  will  cure  pulmonary  consumption.  The  only  cure  is  that  of  cli- 
mate, and  in  Southern  Arizona  the  warm,  dry  atmosphere 
The  Only  Cure  acts  as  a  healing  balm  to  the  bleeding,  diseased  lungs, 
while  the  pores  are  kept  open,  and  the  impurities  of  the 
is  Climate.  system,  that  in  harsher  climates  make  a  combined  at- 
tack upon  weak  lungs,  are  allowed  to  escape  through 
the  skin. 

"To  secure  a  cure  the  patient  must  expect  to  undergo  privations  and 
often  hardships.  Luxurious  hotels  are  not  what  he  needs;  an  out-of-door 
life  is  necessary.  The  patient  also  needs  something  to  constantly  divert 
his  attention  from  the  disease.  In  the  hotels  he  meets  people  suffering  like 
himself,  and  the  effect  is  bad  for  all. 

"Traveling,  and  seeing  new  scenes  divert  his  mind,  while  exercise  in- 
sures a  good  appetite,  and  the  pure,  warm  atmosphere  affords  a  curative 
application  to  his  lungs  as  often  as  he  breathes. 

"While  I  am  aware  that,  should  Southern  Arizona  become  a  resort  for 
invalids  afflicted  with  pulmonary  diseases,  it  would  be  the  means  of  adding 
much  profit  to  the  business  of  the  country,  this  consideration  does  not  in- 
fluence me  to  make  this  statement.  This  class  of  unfortunate  people  has 
enough  to  contend  with,  without  being  lured  away  from  home  and  friends 
by  our  holding  out  false  hopes;  but  the  universal  relief  given  to  persons 
afflicted  like  myself,  who  came  here  to  lengthen  their  lives,  warrants  what 
I  have  said." 

The  opinion  of  a  physician  who  has  practiced  here  for 
The  Reason  ^e  ^as'  f°urteen  years  is  worthy  of  attention,  and  we 

have  that  of  Dr.  W.  H.  Fermer  to  present  to  our  readers. 
Why.  AS  surgeon  for  the  Southern  Pacific  company,  in  addition 

to  a  large  private  practice,  he  has  valuable  opportunities 
to  observe  the  course  of  disease  and  the  effects  en  classes  and  individuals. 
He  characterizes  the  general  health  of  the  permanent  residents  of  Tucson 
as  excellent,  the  largest  percentage  of  deaths  being  among  the  poorer 
class  of  Mexicans,  who  are  unable  or  unwilling  to  obtain  medical  atten- 
tion or  observe  the  commonest  rules  of  hygiene.  The  general  health  of  the 
city  is  good.  Contagious  diseases,  when  they  appear,  run  an  unusually  mild 
course,  and  this  is  accounted  for  by  the  somewhat  rarified  air,  containing  a 
very  small  percentage  of  moisture,  and  the  great  amount  of  sunlight,  con- 
ditions that  do  not  conduce  to  the  life  and  growth  of  the  various  disease- 
producing  bacteria.  In  the  individual  the  activity  of  the  skin  is  increased, 
the  circulation  augmented,  respiration  quickened  and  deepened,  the  appe- 


50  Treasure  Land. 

tite  improved;  and  the  ability  to  spend  many  hours  in  the  open  air  adds  a 
tonic,  the  effect  of  which  is  surprising  to  those  who  have  not  spent  a  win- 
ter on  these  elevated  and  dry  plateaus. 

In  the  winter  season,  even  though  the  sunshine  is  hot,  the  air  is  cool 
and  invigorating,  because  the  heat  absorbed  by  the  air  from  the  sun's  rays 
depends  upon  the  quantity  of  aqueous  vapor  in  the  air.  This  is  well  illus- 
trated by  the  fact  that  while  our  summers  are  long  and  hot,  no  one  suffers 
in  health,  because  the  air,  being  dry,  absorbs  a  small  portion  of  the  heat. 
When  the  thermometer  reaches  a  figure  that  would  appal  a  resident  of  New 
York,  men  and  animals  labor  in  the  sun  without  suffering,  and  disease  is 
held  in  abeyance;  in  fact,  so  long  as  the  air  is  dry.  and  the  sun  shines 
brightly,  good  health  prevails.  Experience  proves  that  the  climate  of 
Tucson  is  specially  efficacious  in  cases  of  pulmonary  phthisis  taken  in  early 
stages,  and  in  cases  where  there  is  only  an  inherited  tendency;  in  ex- 
haustion from  overwork,  chronic  catarrh  and  all  diseases  of  the  respiratory 
organs;  in  diseases  of  the  stomach  and  kidneys,  and  asthma,  when  not  of 
organic  origin.  The  climate  is  not  a  specific  for  organic  disease  of  the 
heart  or  blood-vessels,  nor  for  rheumatic  and  gouty  affections,  although 
such  cases  have  been  relieved. 

The  best  effects  of  our  climate  attend  a  residence  of  long  duration,  the 
patients  availing  themselves  of  the  moderate  summer  temperature  of  out- 
elevated  localities  during  the  extreme  heat.  Only  by  the  observance  of  this 
rule  can  a  permanent  cure  be  insured. 

The  flowers  that  bloom  in  the  spring,  tra-la!  have  been 
The  CereUS  celebrated  in  song  and  story,  but  the  flowers  that  bloom 

in  the  winter  have  not  been  so  honored  because  they  arc 
Engelmanni.  too  scarce  to  attract  attention,  and  yet  there  is  one  which 

is  immortalized  in  the  saintly  calendar  of  Mexico,  and 
which  the  humble  devotee  in  the  wilds  of  Arizona  justly  treasures  as  a 
memorial  of  faith  rewarded  and  hope  renewed.  It  is  known  to  botanists  as 
the  Cereus  engelmanni,  and  bears  an  edible  fruit  of  an  acid  flavor;  the 
spines  all  fall  off  when  the  fruit  ripens,  being  evidently  designed  by  nature 
to  protect  the  flower  and  embryo. 

A  variety  of  this  species  is  credited  with  participation  in  a  miracle,  and 
if  the  reader  will  promise  to  refrain  from  attempting  to  pronounce  the 
names  given,  we  will  endeavor  to  convey  the  traditional  account  of  the 

founding  of  the  Sanctuary  of  the  Virgin  of  Gnadalupe, 
The  Vinrin  Of  *^e  patron  saint  of  Mexico. 

Juan  Diego  was  a  poor,  converted  Indian,  born  in  the 
Guadalupe.         pueblo  of  Cuautitlan,   who   earned   a   modest  living   in 

Tolpetlac,  whence  he  made  frequent  journeys  to  Santi- 
ago Tlatilulco  to  drink  in  the  inspired  words  of  the  holy  Franciscan 
fathers. 

One  day,  while  crossing  a  hill  called  Tepetlyecaczol.  covered  with  thorny 
cactus  and  sharp-edged  stones,  he  heard  music  so  singularly  sweet  and 
harmonious  that  he  stopped,  ravished  with  delight,  and  sought  to  discover 
whence  it  proceeded.  Then  he  saw  a  rainbow  of  iridescent  colors,  and  in 
the  midst  of  it  a  white,  transparent  cloud,  and  reclining  on  the  cloud  :i 
lovely  female,  clad  in  the  richest  Indian  garb,  such  as  was  worn  by  tin- 
Aztec  princesses. 

Moved  by  an  irresistible  impulse,  Juan  Diego  approached  the  divino 
figure,  which  addressed  him  in  his  own  tongue,  informing  him  that  sin- 
was  the  mother  of  God,  and  desired  that  a  temple  be  erected  there  to  her 
honor.  She  promised  protection  and  comfort  to  all  who  might  come  to 
worship  at  the  shrine,  and  commanded  the  enrapt  Indian  to  tell  the  bishop 
all  that  he  had  seen  and  heard.  Diego  bowed  his  head  and  promised  to 
obey,  and  then  the  celestial  vision  disappeared. 


"  Life  is  P/>'dN(int  and  Here  are  Treasures  of  Health.  51 

It  was  only  after  much  difficulty  that  the  poor  Indian  obtained  an  inter- 
view with  Juan  de  Zumarraga,  the  bishop  of  Mexico,  and  imparted  all 
that  he  had  seen  and  heard,  but  the  bishop,  naturally  enough,  refused  to 
credit  the  story,  and  Juan  Diego  returned  home  disconsolate. 

But  the  Virgin  was  determined  that  the  temple  should  be  built,  and 
stopped  the  Indian  every  time  he  crossed  Tepetlyecaczol,  until  the  poor 
fellow,  despairing  of  being  able  to  carry  out  her  wishes,  avoided  the  hill. 
This,  however,  was  of  no  avail,  for  she  appeared  to  him  again  and  bade 
him  ascend  the  hill  and  gather  the  flowers  he  would  find  there  and  bear 
them  to  the  bishop. 

He  obeyed  and  bore  the  beautiful  and  fragrant  flowers  to  the  bishop, 
who,  being  unacquainted  with  the  floral  possibilities  of  the  country,  was 
amazed  to  see  wild  flowers  in  the  depth  of  winter,  but  his  amazement 
.  turned  to  reverent  fear  when  the  Indian  let  down  the  points  of  his  apron 
to  display  the  flowers  and  revealed  on  the  coarse  mania  the  face  of  the 
Holy  Virgin,  painted  as  no  human  hand  could  paint  it.  He  and  those 
with  him  fell  prostrate  before  the  miraculous  sign,  and  when  they  recovered 
their  equanimity,  immediately  proceeded  to  found  the  sanctuary  which  is 
to-day  the  most  loved  and  revered  in  Mexico. 

The  corrector  de  camino,  churrea  or  road-runner,  a  species 
jj.g  of  pheasant  found  in  Southern  Arizona,  is  so  called  from 

the  fact  that  it  is  often  seen  running  along  traveled 
Road-Runner.  roads. 

It  is  remarkably  tame,  and  its  life  is  respected  for 
(lie  good  work  it  does  in  the  destruction  of  reptiles.  Finding  a  snake  asleep, 
a  couple  of  these  birds  will  gather  the  prickly  leaves  of  the  cholla  and  sur- 
round his  snakeship  with  a  circular  hedge  of  bristling  thorns,  and  then 
arouse  him  with  shrill  cries  and  fluttering  wings.  As  few  snakes  will 
cross  even  a  horsehair  rope,  a  hedge  of  cactus  thorns  is  as  impassable  as  a 
twelve-foot  wall,  and  the  churreas  know  this.  They  tantalize  the  impris- 
oned serpent  from  their  position  of  safety  until  he  finally  becomes  ex- 
hausted, when  they  quietly  jump  over  and  administer  the  finishing  touches 
with  their  long,  tough  beaks. 

One  of  the  Tucson  pleasure  resorts  is  known  as  Silver 
lake,  about  one  and  one-half  miles  from  the  city,  and 
Silver  Lake.          owned  by  the  Hon.  Fred.  Maish.    It  is  a  delightful  place 
to  pass  an  afternoon  in   summer.     The  lake  comprises 
an  expanse  of  clear  water  twenty  acres  in  area,  fringed 
Avith  groves  of  trees.     There  is  a  fine  hotel  on  the  edge  of  the  water,  and 
bathing  and  boating  facilities  are  provided  for  visitors.     In  addition  to  the 
other  attractions  is  a  fine  carp  pond,  where  the  lovers  of  the  piscatorial  sci- 
ence can  lie  in  the  shade  of  sighing  trees  and  pass  the  pleasant  hours,  and 
fill  their  baskets  with  unfortunate  carp.     Mr.   Maish's  residence  is  com- 
fortable and  pleasant,  surrounded  with  orchard  and  garden,  and  reached 
through  an  avenue  of  stately  sycamores. 

Among  the  naturial  curiosities  and  curative  agents  at- 
AiTUa  CalientC  tached  to  our  Avonderful  climatic  and  scenic  advantages, 

the  hot  springs  of  Agua  Calicnte  are  preeminent. 
Hot  Springs.  At    the    invitation  of  Mr.   Phil.   H.   Chambers,    the 

genial  proprietor  of  Agua  Caliente,  we  visited  his  place, 
in  order  to  verify  for  ourselves  the  glowing  accounts  Ave  had  heard. 
The  ranch  is  situated  at  the  foot  of  the  Santa  Catalina  mountains,  about 
sixteen  miles  from  Tucson,  and  reached  over  as  fine  a  road  as  can  be 
found  in  the  new-road  districts  of  the  East.  It  is  160  acres  in  extent, 
most  of  the  area  not  occupied  by  buildings  and  corrals  being  under  cul- 


52  Treasure  Land. 

livation.  Oranges  here  roach  perfection,  never  being  touched  by  frost. 
and  Mr.  Chambers  is  confident  that  even  the  banana  will  do  well.  In 
March  some  of  his  alfalfa  reached  a  height  of  four  and  one-half  feet, 
and  he  had  samples  in  June  seven  feet  in  length.  There  is  no  tropical 
fruit  grown  in  the  United  States  that  will  not  reach  perfection  here, 
and  this  peculiar  condition  is  due  entirely  to  the  peculiar  natural  condi- 
tions produced  by  the  unseen  forces  of  nature  beneath  the  surface. 

The  hot  mineral  springs  bubble  out  of  the  solid  rock,  and  at  present 
supply  about  fifty  miner's  inches  of  water  of  a  temperature  of  100°. 
It  is  clear  as  crystal  but  strongly  impregnated  with  minerals,  among  whiHi 
are  magnesia,  sulphur,  glauber  salts,  iron,  etc.  An  analysis  made  at  tin- 
University  of  Arizona  shows  these  waters  to  contain  excellent  curative 
qualities  in  cases  of  rheumatism  and  kidney  complaints,  and  all  those 
who  have  tried  them  claim  that  they  are  the  most  efficacious  in  the 
country. 

Lack  of  capital  has  hitherto  prevented  Mr.  Chambers  from  fully  car- 
rying out  his  ideas  of  development  and  ornamentation,  but  the  demands 
of  the  new  Tucson  will  attract  wide-spread  attention  to  the  advantages 
of  these  springs,  and  all  the  rest  will  follow. 

A  lily  grows  in  the  Santa  Cruz  valley  that  in  beauty 

TheLilVOfthe      an(^   fragrance    surpasses   any   cultivated    plant   of   the 

same  species,  and  is  purer  in  color  than  the  well-known 

Valley.          caiia. 

If  plucked    while   budding  and   its   stem   placed   in 

water  impregnated  with  salt,  it  will  continue  to  grow  until  it  reaches 
perfection,  and  then  after  blooming  a  few  days  draws  its  petals  towards 
the  stamen  and  goes  to  seed. 

The  Mexicans  call  it  El  lirio  del  ralle. 

While  its  name  might  convey  the  idea  that  this  creature 
•J-UP  is  a   formidable  relic  of  some  past  geological  age,  it 

is  really  an  Insect  no  larger  than  a  grain  of  wheat, 
WOOlagOO.  and  as  harmless  as  a  butterfly,  so  far  as  man  is  con- 

cerned. He  is  an  interesting  study  to  the  entomologist, 
and  his  methods  of  doing  business  are  full  of  suggestions  to  the  politician, 
as  well  as  to  the  Reform  Club. 

First  selecting  a  proper  location  for  his  enterprise,  he  bores  a  hole 
in  the  ground,  throwing  up  a  circle  of  earth  of  exceeding  fineness,  about 
an  inch  in  height,  and  then  covers  himself  with  a  mantle  of  pulverized 
real  estate  at  the  bottom  of  the  hole.  Curious  insects  ascend  the  breast- 
work, and  the  treacherous  earth,  moving  like  a  quicksand,  hurls  them 
headlong  to  the  bottom,  whence  no  effort  can  raise  them.  If  the  in- 
truder has  a  bigger  pull  than  the  woolagoo,  an  abject  apology  is  offered, 
and  he  is  requested  to  get  out  the  best  way  he  can,  otherwise  he  is 
disintegrated  for  commissary  purposes.  We  do  not  know  how  the  wool- 
agoo evacuates  the  hole  when  he  desires  to  emigrate,  but  we  presume 
that  this  emergency  is  provided  for  somehow.  As  a  last  resort  he  could 
fill  it  up  and  get  out  on  top. 

We  are  indebted  to  Prof.  J.  W.  Tourney  for  the  view  of 
La  Ventana  (or  Window),  an  opening  in  the  rocks  on 

La  Ventana.  one  of  the  highest  peaks  of  the  Santa  Catalinas,  which 
can  be  seen  in  the  early  morning  from  Tucson.  The  pro- 
fessor kindly  furnished  us  with  a  description  of  the  trip 

of  his  party  to  La  Ventana,  and  we  regret  our  inability  to  publish  it  in 

this  issue. 


Life  is  r/<-iisanf  und  Here  are  Treasure*  of  HeaUli.  53 

THE  riUST  INTERNATIONAL  CONGRESS  Or  MICIX>BCS. 

(Compiled  from  the  official  report  by  N.  H.  M.  for  this  book.) 

Since   1850,    the  progressive   microbe   element   has   tried   to   organize 

for  the  purpose  of  opposing  the  unscrupulous  army  of 

vivisectors,    bacteriologists,    pathologists    and    chemical 

At  Last.  dynamiters   seeking   their   extermination,    but   the   ditli- 

culty  of  gathering  the  widely  scattered  colonies  appeared 

insurmountable  until  lately.     The  modern  facilities  for 

inter-communication  and   the  dissemination   of   disease   made   it  possible 

to  unite,  and  on  the  initiation  of  the  Boston  Society  of  Progressive  Tubercle 

Bacilli,   the   matter   was   definitely    decided,    and   the*  1st   of    May,    1897, 

lixed  as  the  date  of  meeting. 

From  the  early  part  of  April,  representatives  arrived  from  the  four 
quarters  of  the  earth,  and  entertained  themselves  by  raising  the  death 
rate  pending  the  formal  opening  of  the  congress. 

On  the  date  fixed,  the  doors  of  the  Globe  theatre,  of  Boston,  were 
opened  wide  to  the  visiting  hosts,  who  filled  the  vast  auditorium  from 
floor  to  dome. 

An  eloquent  address  of  welcome  was  delivered  in  a  rich  husky  voice 
by  Tubercle  Bacillus,  to  which  Cholera  Coma,  from  Asia,  responded  in 
neatly  chosen  words.  After  a  few  remarks  by  several  distinguished  visi- 
tors, Bacillus  of  Diphtheria  reviewed  the  history  of  the  persecution  of 
his  race,  and  called  upon  the  congress  to  take  strong  measures  against 
those  who  sought  its  destruction.  In  order  to  get  at  the  sense  of  the 
assembly,  he  offered  the  following  resolutions: 

Whereas,    We,    the    duly    authorized    delegates    of    the 
Pathogenic   Bacteria,   find   ourselves  harassed   and   per- 
secuted by  unscrupulous  people;  and 
Resolutions.  Whereas,  We  desire  to  assert  our  rights  to  the  peace- 

ful pursuit  of  happiness,   and   are  too  weak  to   enforce 
them ; 

Resolved,  That  this  congress  do  petition  President  McKinley,  the  great 
American  protector,  to  abolish  all  quarantines,  boards  of  health,  hygenic, 
bacteriologic  and  pathologic  devices  and  combinations,  and  give  us  that 
freedom  of  life  and  liberty  to  which  we  are  entitled  by  reason  of  our 
existence,  and  furthermore,  by  arbitration,  reciprocity,  bond  issue  or 
treaty,  secure  for  us  in  other  lauds  the  same  inherited  privileges. 

Resolved,  That  this  congress  considers  vivisection  in  the  interest  of 
so-called  medical  science  a  barbarous  practice,  a  relic  of  the  dark  ages, 
u  wanton  destruction  of  animal  life  and  a  blot  upon  our  civilization. 

The  resolutions  were  adopted  enthusiastically  and  a  recess  taken  till 
the  following  day  in  order  to  give  the  visitors  an  opportunity  to  make 
some  interesting  experiments  in  the  lower  parts  of  the  city  and  become 
hotter  acquainted  with  each  other. 

******* 

The   president   announced    that   the   order   of   the    day 
The  Second  would  be  to  listen  to  the  experience  and  warnings  of 

prominent   delegates,    and    introduced    Cholera    Bacillus 
Day.  as  the  first  speaker. 

After  making  several  comparisons,  Mr.  Cholera  was 

of  the  opinion  that  Mecca  at  certain  seasons,  and  along  the  Ganges  at 
all  times,  were  the  finest  health  resorts  he  had  seen.  For  business  pur- 
poses he  preferred  the  Mohammedan  religion  to  any  other. 

Mr.  Bubonic  Pest,  though  a  stranger  to  most  of  those  present,  spoke 
as  if  he  knew  them  all.  He  had  comfortable  quarters  in  Asia,  but  would 
like  to  make  a  business  trip  around  the  world.  So  far  his 


54  Treasure  Land. 

had  failed  in  their  efforts  to  overthrow  his  particular  views  on  the  Mal- 
thusian  doctrine,  and  some  had  perished  in  the  attempt 

fellow  Fever  Bacillus  despised  cold  weather  and  would  not  think  of 
living  at  an  altitude  of  over  2,400  feet.  He  felt  most  at  home  in  the 
West  Indies,  although  he  made  flying  trips  to  different  parts  of  the  world 
to  introduce  his  remedies  for  the  affliction  of  life. 

Typhoid  Fever  preferred  cold,  moist  climates,  where  the  people  ob- 
jected to  pure  air  and  water.  He  thought  that  the  use  of  these  ought 
to  be  legislated  against,  as  they  were  always  injurious  to  microbic  ad- 
vancement. 

Bacillus  of  Rabies  '  rather  liked  warm  weather  and  was  attached  to 
dogs.  He  could  do  pretty  good  work  as  long  as  he  was  not  molested 
by  any  Pasteur  butchers. 

La  Grippe  liked  to  operate  where  extremes  meet,  and  his  practice 
was  most  successful  when  a  sharp,  cold  wind  followed  warm  days.  He 
had  circled  the  world  several  times  and  had  found  few  enemies  to 
oppose  his  triumphal  march. 

Others  followed,  each  vaunting  his  achievements  and  noting  some 
evil  tendency  that  might  hereafter  affect  their  work,  but  the  jewel  of 
the  session  was  the  closing  address  of  the  president: 

******* 

"Friends,  for  years  we  have  labored,  and  to-day  we 
The  Closing  see  oul  n°Pes  realized,  for  here  are  assembled  the  rep- 

*  resentatives   of   our   race   from   all   over   the   world,   to 

Address.  vent  their  grievances  and  unite  in  an  effort  to  restore 

our  ancient  immunity  from  persecution,  when  the  dying 
thousands,  appreciating  our  work,  hailed  us  as  the  angels  of  the  Al- 
mighty sent  to  purge  them  of  their  sins. 

"Many  among  you  have  done  more  brilliant  work  than  I;  my  dear 
friends,  Cholera,  Bubonic  Pest,  Yellow  Fever  and  La  Grippe,  have  mar- 
velous campaign  records,  but  theirs  is  the  eruption  of  the  volcano,  the 
shock  of  the  earthquake,  which  last  but  a  short  period  and  only  reappear 
after  long  intervals.  My  work  is  continuous,  though  slow,  and  I  can 
say,  without  vanity,  that  20  per  cent,  of  those  relieved  of  mortal  ills 
owe  the  result  to  me.  For  tnis  reason  men  call  me  the  King  of  Microbes, 
and  the  weight  of  honor  means  accumulated  peril.  I  have  been  attacked 
by  land  and  sea,  with  sword  and  artillery,  with  syringical  fire  and  medi- 
cated water;  they  have  sought  to  suffocate  me  with  gases  and  brought 
their  miserable  batallions  of  science  against  me,  but  so  far  I  am  almost 
untouched.  Like  their  poor,  I  am  always  with  them,  and  with  the  as- 
sistance of  Scrofula,  Syphilis,  Pneumonia  and  La  Grippe  my  success  has 
been  great. 

"It  is  unnecessary  for  me  to  mention  in  detail  all  the  numberless 
assaults  that  have  been  made  upon  me  in  the  last  few  years.  Every  day 
new  mischief  is  brewing,  but  I  still  survive. 

"I  do  not  vaunt  my  immunity,  nor  claim  that  I  can  preserve  it  for 
ever.  There  is  danger  for  us  all,  and  it  behooves  us  to  unite  our  ex- 
perience and  effort,  by  gatherings  like  this,  to  combat  the  modern  inno- 
vations. 

"In  my  travels,  brethren,   I  have  found  a   spot  where 
*  none  of  our  race  can  prosper.     Our  children   who  are 

born  there  become  emaciated  and  perish,  and  none  of 
Bad  Climate.  us  can  stay  there  long  and  live.  I  refer  to  Arizona, 
and  especially  to  Tucson,  whose  peculiar  climate  is  the 
most  fatal  on  earth.  Worse  still,  there  will  be  a  dozen  sanitariums  there 
in  a  few  years,  filled  with  our  regular  customers,  who  will  not  only  im- 
prove, but  absolutely  recover.  Think  of  it!  Incredible  as  it  seems  it 
is  true,  for  on  a  late  visit  there  I  found  many  whom  I  had  marked  for 


Life  is  Pleasant  and  Here  are  Treasures  of  Health. 


55 


my  own,  who  laughed  in  my  face  with  a  long,  loud,  sonorous  tone  that 
caused  me  to  shiver  with  horror. 

"There  is  only  one  way  to  prevent  our  customers  from 
A  Diabolical         seeking  this  obnoxious  climate.    Tucson  means  death  to 

us  and  our  children,  and  to  save  them  and  ourselves 
Plan.  we  must  use  diabolical  arts.    We  must  hold  them  back 

until  the  last  moment,  then  let  them  go  and  die  there. 
This  will  discredit  the  place! 

"No  one  must  be  allowed  to  go  until  we  have  a  firm  grip  of  him; 
fill  their  minds  and  the  minds  of  their  relatives  and  friends  with  delusive 
hope;  suggest  pressure  of  business,  loss  of  time  and  money,  especially 
money,  for  most  people  love  it  better  than  life;  in  fact,  anything  to  in- 
duce delay,  for  delay  gives  us  absolute  control.  Let  our  watchwords  be 
'Doitm  with  Tucson,  the  enemy  of  microbes,  and  long  live  procrastination /'  " 


A  Summer 
Resort. 


We  have  elsewhere 
called  the  atten- 
tion of  the  health- 
seeker  to  the 
desirability  of 

remaining  in  Arizona  the  whole  year 
if  he  wishes  to  get  the  best  effects  of 
climatic  treatment,  but  as  the  heated 
term  may  be  too  severe,  he  can  find 
refuge  in  the  cooler  mountain  resorts 
without  losing  any  advantage. 

The  climatic  conditions  are  most 
happily  realized  at  Oracle,  situated 
at  an  altitude  of  4,500  feet,  near  the 
southern  boundary  of  Final  county, 
and  forty  miles  north  of  Tucson,  with 
which  city  it  has  daily  stage  and  mail 
communication.  The  stage  route  lies 
along  the  west  side  of  the  Catalina 
mountains,  making  a  gradual  ascent 
from  Tucson  of  2,000  feet.  To  the 
north  and  west  stretches  an  undu- 
lating plain,  sloping  northward  to  the 
valley  of  the  Gila,  and  on  the  south 
to  the  valley  of  the  Santa  Cruz.  Close 
to  the  southward  rises  the  rugged 
range  of  the  Santa  Catalina  mountains 
whose  peaks  reach  an  altitude  of 
10,000  feet. 

The  foothills  of  the  Catalinas  and 
the  adjacent  mesa  are  covered  with 
live  oaks  (quercus  einorgi),  whose 
growth  afford  picturesque  and 
pleasing  view,  as  well  as  a  refreshing 
shade. 

Combined  with  the  climatic 
features  which  characterize  Arizona 
in  general,  Oracle  enjoys  special 
advantages  arising  from  its  unique 
topographic  environment. 

The  roads  of  the  district  are 
smooth  and  excellent  for  driving  or 
horse-back  riding,  and  for  those  inter- 
ested in  hunting  there  are  multitudes 


1.  Balance  Rock,  near  Oracle. 

2.  Live  Oak,  near  Oracle. 

3.  Mountain  View  Hotel,  Oracle. 


56  Treasure  Land. 

of  quail  and  doves  in  the  mesas,  and  in  the  mountains  deer  and  bear.  Cool, 
delicious  water  is  obtained  from  wells  bored  into  the  granite  strata  of  the 
mountain  ranges,  and  its  analysis  attests  its  excellence  for  drinking  and 
domestic  uses. 

Combined  with  these  natural  advantages  are  the  comforts  and  con- 
veniences of  civilized  life  afforded  by  the  two  hotels  located  here,  some  par- 
ticulars of  which  will  interest  our  readers: 

On  a  high  prominence,  and  scarcely  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
The  Mountain  from  the  Arcadia,  is  the  Mountain  View  hotel,  which, 

under  the  personal  management  of  Mrs.  Annie  Neal,  adds 
View.  greatly  to  the  popularity  of  Oracle  both  as  a  health  and 

summer  resort.  The  hotel  is  a  spacious  building,  very 
attractive,  and  fitted  with  modern  appliances.  It  contains  twelve  large, 
airy  rooms,  all  of  them  with  outside  exposures.  There  are  two  large  halls, 
extending  the  full  length  of  the  building,  fourteen  feet  wide  by  forty  long. 
Elegant  and  spacious  verandas  extend  around  the  building,  and  every  room 
is  fitted  with  hot  and  cold  water  service.  The  furniture  of  all  the  rooms  is 
of  oak,  solid,  substantial  and  artistic. 

The  interior  finish  of  the  building  is  in  oak  and  walnut,  and  is  of  ele- 
gant design.  A  large  room  has  been  set  apart  for  billiards,  and  the  floor 
of  the  room  has  been  constructed  with  a  view  to  use  it  for  dancing  when 
required. 

The  kitchen  is  separate  and  distinct  entirely  from  the  hotel,  and  a  deep 
well  furnishes  the  water  supply,  which  is  copious,  almost  ice  cold,  and  ab- 
solutely pure.  The  grounds  surrounding  the  hotel  are  very  beautiful,  com- 
prising 160  acres,  and  are  charmingly  studded  with  grand  oak  trees. 


AIM   \  DI  A   HOTE-:I..  (  H:  u  1.1.. 

The  Arcadia,  of  which  Mr.  E.  S.  Dodge  is  the  proprietor, 

was  the  first  to  receive  invited  guests.     Mr.  Dodge  set- 

The  Arcadia.         tied  at  this  place   sixteen   years   ago,   engaging   in   the 

stock  business,  and  it  was  probably  due  to  the  courteous 

hospitality  extended  by  himself  and  estimable  wife  to 

strangers  that  the  place  first  became  known  as  a  desirable  resort  for  the 

health-seeker.     He  has  from  time  to  time  built  additions  to  his  house,  ;m<l 


Life  is  Pleasant  and  Here  are  Treasures  of  Health. 


67 


neat  cottages  near  by,  so  that  his  premises  are  a  veritable  little  village, 
where  now  can  be  found  a  coterie  of  wealthy,  cultured  Easterners,  and, 
judging  from  their  robust  appearance,  it  is  difficult  to  imagine  they  were 
ever  in  delicate  health. 

The  hotel  is  well  furnished  throughout,  has  an  extensive,  well-selected 
library  at  the  disposal  of  guests,  and  the  table  is  supplied  with  every  deli- 
cacy it  seems  could  be  desired,  including  cream,  milk,  butter,  honey,  eggs, 
poultry,  beef  and  mutton,  produced  on  the  ranch. 

The  first  thing  that  impresses  the  visitor  to  Tucson  is  the 

reality   of  our  prosperity   and   the   absence   of  any    inclina- 

All  Our  Own  *'on  *°   "D00m"  the  place.     Whatever  we  have  is  ours,   for 

we  have  made  it  without  assistance  from  borrowed  capital. 

Every  building,    every    industry   and  every   improvement    is 

the    product   of   our   own   capital   and   enterprise,    and    this, 

perhaps,   accounts  for  the  fact  that  only  within   the  last  year  has  any   real 

effort   been  made  to  provide  accommodation  for  visitors.     They   had   not   yet 

entered   into  our  scheme   of  prosperity,   and   we   simply   attended   to   our  own 

necessities;  the  world  had  passed  us  by  so  long  that  we  ignored  the  world. 


Ni:\v  ORXPORFF  HOTEL:    1.    Piazza. 

2.  Office. 

3.  Dining  Room. 

Then  the  investor  and  the  health-seeker  forced  themselves  upon  us,  de- 
termined to  share  our  advantages,  and  for  hospitality's  sake  we  had  to  adopt 
new  principles. 

Mr.  Chas.  DeGroff  and  his  estimable  wife  took  the  matter  In  hand  on 
behalf  of  the  community,  purchased  the  old  Cosmopolitan  property,  which 
they  remodeled,  renovated  and  furnished  at  gr^at  expense,  and  opened  as 
the  New  Orndorff. 


58  Treasure  Land. 

Mr.  DeGroff  came  here  originally  for  his  health  and  is  able  to  talk 
about  our  climate  from  experience,  and  sympathy  probably  influenced  him 
to  a  large  extent  in  giving  Tucson  a  really  modern  hotel. 

The  New  Orndorff  is  well  adapted  for  hotel  purposes,  being  located  near 
enough  to  the  business  center  to  be  handy,  and  not  too  near  to  be  incon- 
venient for  those  who  seek  a  quiet  home.  There  is  a  beautiful  lawn  in 
front,  with  a  row  of  graceful  trees,  and  from  the  wide  porches  the  guests 
have  a  magnificent  view  of  green  fields  and  purple  hills. 

It  is  built  in  the  Moorish  style,  with  a  large  inner  courtyard  beautified 
with  trees  and  lawns.  The  elegant  dining  room  and  the  offices  range  on 
one  side  of  the  square,  while  the  other  three  are  devoted  to  the  accommoda- 
tion of  guests.  The  rooms  are  commodious  and  handsomely  furnished,  lighted 
with  gas  and  electricity,  electric  bells  in  all  rooms,  hot  and  cold-water  baths 
and  every  modern  convenience. 

For-  the  convenience  of  guests,  there  are  finely-appointed  parlors,  writing 
rooms,  billiard  and  sample  rooms,  and  the  office  is  one  of  the  neatest  in  the 
Territory. 

The  service  and  attendance  leave  nothing  to  be  desired.  Both  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  DeGroff  are  experienced  people,  having  managed  the  Old  Orndorff  house 
for  eight  years,  and  look  after  their  own  affairs,  and  no  guest  can  be  with 
them  a  day  without  feeling  perfectly  at  home. 

Dr.    J.   V.    Gaff   says:     "Men   like   Samson,    David   and    Me- 
Out  nf  Door  thuselah  owed  much  of  their  strength,  vigor  and  longevity 

to  the  climate,  which  permitted  them  to  sleep  in  tents  anil 
L"('  lead  an  out-of-door  life. 

Recommended.  A    patient    confined    to    the   house    is    in    a    position    an- 

alogous to  the  rabbit  confined  to  a  hutch  in  the  cellar; 
whereas  the  patient  living  in  the  fresh  air  and  warm  sunshine  has  chances 
comparable  to  the  rabbit  running  wild. 

The  requirements  of  a  suitable  climate  are  a  pure,  warm  and  dry  at- 
mosphere, an  equable  temperature,  not  subject  to  rapid  variations,  and  a 
maximum  amount  of  sunshine. 

The  climate  of  Tucson  has  all  these,  and  it  is  possible  to  sleep  out  of 
doors  270  nights  of  the  year  and  spend  365  days  in  perpetual  sunshine.  It  is 
a  progressive  and  prosperous  city  in  which  a  man  may  not  only  find  health 
but  a  means  of  livelihood,  and  live  in  comfort." 

Dr.   W.   B.    Purcell,    county   physician,    observes:     "The   cli- 
mate of  Colorado  has  been   recommended  for  its  beneficial 
Better  than  effects  for  consumption;  my  long  residence   there  gave   me 

Colorado  ample  and  sufficient  opportunity  of  judging  climatic  condi- 

tions there  existing  during  the  summer  months.  The 
mountainous  portions  of  Colorado  undoubtedly  have  a 
beneficial  effect  on  tuberculosis  subjects,  but  I  can  not  recommend  Colorado 
during  the  fall  and  winter,  as  the  changes  are  often  severe,  becoming  raw 
and  cold  within  a  few  hours,  and  as  these  are  atmospheric  conditions  to  be 
avoided,  it  would  not  be  advisable  to  spend  these  seasons  there.  Those  having 
a  peculiar  type  of  constitution,  with  a  hereditary  tendency  to  consumption, 
would  do  well  to  avail  themselves  of  an  opportunity,  and  come  here  and 
remain  exempt  from  disease." 


TREASURES  or  WEALTH. 


ORE  TEAMS. 


Ribbed  are  the  hills  with  silver  treasure ; 
Seamed  the  mountains  with  virgin  gold; 
Coal,  and  copper  and  lead  without  measure — 
A  -wondrous  realm  of  wealth  untold. 


60  Treasure  Lund. 

The  Gallon,  the  great  authority  on  mining,  writes  as  follows 

Tmnnrtanrp  nf      OU  tne  art  of  mimn£: 
mponance  01  "in  an  economic  point  of  view,  the  art  of  mining 

Mining.  constitutes  an  industry  of  the  greatest  importance, 

whether  on  account  of  the  value  of  the  products  created 
every  year,  or  an  account  of  their  nature,  which  has  rendered  many  of 
them  objects  of  Urst  necessity.  It  has  been  so  since  the  moment  that  men 
ceased  to  live  in  the  savage  state,  built  themselves  dwellings,  and  began  to 
make  tools.  In  a  scientific  point  of  view,  it  may  be  said  that  the  art  of 
mining  has  been  the  direct  cause  of  the  birth  and  progress  of  several  nat- 
ural sciences,  especially  of  mineralogy  and  geology.  It  is  certain  that  we 
owe  to  the  working  of  mines  and  to  the  material  difficulties,  often  consid- 
erable, against  which  the  miner  has  to  contend,  many  ingenious,  daring 
and  powerful  processes  Avhich  have  afterwards  passed  into  the  general 
domain  of  industry. 

"In  the  middle  ages,  it  was  for  mines  that  the  first  works  for  husband- 
ing water  as  a  motive  power  were  made,  and  the  first  hydraulic  machines 
set  to  work  on  rational  principles;  steam  engines  were  first  used  in  con- 
nection with  mines,  and  the  first  railroad  conveyed  their  products,  and  the 
necessities  of  this  industry  have  been  the  mother  of  numberless  inventions 
which  have  advanced  the  general  welfare." 

We  have  frequently  referred  in  this  work  to  the  great  future  of  Arizona 
as  a  field  for  the  mining  industry,  and  now  propose  to  give  our  readers  a 
more  particular  account  of  its  condition  in  the  country  tributary  to  Tucson. 

There  is  no  question  but  that  the  ancient  people  worked 
The  Aztec  tne  Preci°us  metals  on  an  extensive  scale,  and  all  indi- 

cations point  to  the  fact  that  the  Aztecs  operated  in  this 
Miners.  vicinity   long  before  the  Jesuit  fathers  prospected   the 

hills.  Within  the  last  few  years  three  old  mines  have 
been  found  in  this  county,  one  of  them  almost  within  the  limits  of  Tucson. 
They  all  show  extensive  working,  and  it  is  evident  that  immense  quantities 
of  good  ore  were  extracted,  and  one  of  them  is  down  several  hundred  feet, 
with  tunnels  and  winzes  and  other  conveniences.  We  merely  surmise  Unit 
the  Aztecs  operated  these  mines;  some  other  and  still  more  ancient  race  may 
have  done  so,  for  there  is  no  record  of  their  age,  nor  can  any  estimate  be 
made  of  it. 

It  is  impossible  to  give  within  the  limits  of  this  volume 
Minim?"  Near  complete  detailed  information  respecting  the  development 

of  our  mines,  but  we  propose  to  show  in  brief  what  has 
TUCSOn.  been  done  and  suggest  the  possibilities  of  the  future. 

Taking  Tucson  as  a  starting  point,  we  find  ourselves 

almost  immediately  in  the  center  of  a  great  mineral  belt  that  has  hardly 
been  touched,  except  by  the  prospector,  and  only  slightly  by  him,  for  what 
is  nearest  home  is  the  last  to  receive  attention.  The  whole  range  called 
the  Tucson  mountains  is  full  of  mineral— gold,  silver,  lead,  copper  and  iron. 
and  some  of  the  claims  indicate  extensive  deposits.  The  close  observer 
will  be  struck  by  the  number  of  men,  apparently  miners,  who  loaf  about 
our  streets,  spending  money  freely  for  a  few  weeks,  and  then  disappearing 
for  a  season.  Many  of  these  own  rich  claims  in  the  adjacent  hills,  and  art- 
able,  with  a  few  weeks'  work,  to  extract  enough  rich  ore  to  enable  them  to 
indulge  in  a  round  of  dissipation  for  a  varying  period.  Most  of  tin-si- 
men  refuse  to  sell  their  claims  or  give  any  information  about  them.  We 
know  of  one  case  where  a  party  of  three  were  offered  $100,000  for  their 
mine  and  refused  it,  for  the  reason  that  their  dispositions  were  such  that 
they  coxild  not  keep  money  long  enough  to  do  them  much  good,  and  the 
mine  was  like  a  bank  and  honored  all  their  demands  upon  it. 


Treasures  of  Wealth.  61 

The  Saginaw        As  a  sample  of  the  mineral  prospects  in  the  vicinity  of 

...  A       i          Tucson,  we  present  the  reader  with  the  following  brief 

ines,  AlllOie        description  of  the  property  of  The  Saginaw  Mining  Com- 

District.  pany,  situated  in  the  Amole  district,  nine  miles  southerly 

from  Tucson. 

It  comprises  the  Saginaw  mill  and  eighteen  mining  claims.  The  com- 
pany has  begun  a  systematic  development  of  the  main  lode  of  the  district 
and  is  meeting  with  much  encouragement  as  depth  is  gained.  The  mill  is 
bring  thoroughly  overhauled  and  fitted  with  the  Wilfley  concentrator  for 
a  practical  testing  of  the  ores  and  to  demonstrate  the  best  process  for  tho 
extraction  of  the  gold,  silver  and  lead  values.  When  this  is  done  a  suitable 
plant  of  a  capacity  of  300  tons  daily  will  be  erected,  and  the  mines  worked 
for  all  that  is  in  them. 

The  ores  of  the  east  and  west  veins  are  autimonial-zinc,  lead  sulphides, 
with  pyrite,  and  carry  uniformly,  with  the  exception  of  the  chutes  of  very 
rich  ores,  about  one  ounce  of  gold  and  twenty  ounces  of  silver  per  ton. 
Four  of  these  rich  chutes  are  now  known  within  the  length  of  three  claims, 
and  the  development  work  is  being  done  on  this  rich  ore.  The  ore  now  be- 
ing shipped  has  an  average  assay  value  of  112  ounces  of  silver  and  three 
ounces  of  gold  per  ton.  These  ores  are  found  in  intrusive  porphyries,  fol- 
lowing the  lines  of  stratification  of  the  thin  strata  of  metamorphic  shales, 
limestones  and  sandstones,  which  have  a  dip  of  22°  to  the  north.  Seven 
parallel  veins,  within  a  width  of  1,200  feet,  have  been  prospected.  They 
are  all  strong,  showing  eight  to  ten  feet  of  ore  at  the  fifty-foot  level.  The 
ores  are  oxidized  to  a  depth  of  forty  feet,  when  the  change  to  sulphides  is 
sudden  and  marked. 

The  surface  is  covered  by  wash  from  the  veins,  and  after  three  months' 
prospecting  Capt.  J.  D.  Burgess  gives  his  opinion  that  there  is  a  surface 
;irea  of  seventy  acres  covered  with  erosion  from  one  to  four  feet  deep,  with 
a  milling  and  concentrating  value  of  $12  gold  and  seven  ounces  silver 
per  ton. 

Other  Tne  "ches  of  this  district  are  not  confined  to  the  holdings 

..   .        .    .  of  the  Saginaw  company,  by  any  means,  for  from  the 

UmOCaieu  divide  at  the  head  of  Robles  pass,  one  drives  over  many 

Veins.  promising  croppings  (yet  unlocated),  a  distance  of  two 

miles  to  the  Saginaw  mill,  and  when  reduction  works  are 
erected  these  will  all  be  opened  up,  and  the  output  from  the  Amole  district, 
at  the  very  gates  of  Tucson,  will  be  enormous  and  probably  rival  that  of 
any  district  in  the  world.  The  veins  are  so  many,  and  so  wide  and  rich, 
that  the  success  of  the  Saginaw  company  means  the  foundation  of  one  of 
the  largest  mining  camps  in  the  West. 

This  district,  w.ithin  an  hour's  drive  of  Tucson,  is  an  illustration  of  what 
is  in  our  midst,  and  the  same  indications  prevail  for  twenty  miles  through 
the  Tucson  mountains. 

Crossing  the  divide  from  Tucson  by  Robles  pass,  we  have 
behind  us  the  grand  Santa  Catalina  mountains,  with  the 
green  valley  of  the  Santa  Cruz  winding,  apparently,  at 
Sierritas.  its  base,  and  before  us  the  gradually  rising  Sierritas,  a 

well-timbered  range,  and  prolific  of  mineral  treasures  as 
yet  undeveloped.  Some  wonderful  discoveries  have  been  reported  from 
this  section,  but  no  organized  effort  has  been  made  to  develop  them,  and 
the  prospectors  have  so  far  had  things  entirely  their  own  way.  The  ores 
are  chiefly  sulphurets  and  chlorides,  carrying  silver  and  copper.  The  day. 
however,  is  not  far  distant  when  capital  will  test  the  extent  of  the  mineral 
deposits  which  undoubtedly  exist,  and  reap  the  reward  of  its  enterprise. 


62  Treasure  Land. 

The  The  Sierritas  are  separated  from  the  Bavoquivari  and 

Ra   nn    '   ari          Coyote  ranges  by  a  wide  area  of  grassy  mesa,  known  as 
the  Bavoquivari  valley,  devoted  to  cattle  ranches,   the 
and  Coyote.  principal  one  being  owned  by  The  Arizona  Land  and  Cat- 

tle Company,  Alfred  Donau,  manager. 

In  the  Bavoquivari  and  Coyote  ranges  a  great  deal  of  prospecting  has 
been  done,  and  some  of  the  more  promising  veins  are  being  worked  in  a 
small  way  by  Tucson  people.  Copper,  gold  and  silver  ores  occur,  and  are 
generally  of  high  value. 

The  Cababi  district,  in  the  mountains  of  that  name,  in  the 
very  heart  of  the  Papago  country,  contains  rich  sulphuret 
The  Cababi.  ores.     Operations  in  a  small  way  have  proved  the  exist- 

ence of  large  bodies  of  ore  carrying  gold  in  considerable 
quantity.    This  district  was  extensively  worked  when  sil- 
ver was  king,  and  the  ore  was  rich  enough  to  ship  a  long  distance.     The 
development  of  the  veins  in  which  -gold  predominates  has  attracted  some 
local  attention  lately,  but  capital  is  needed  to  prove  their  real  value. 

West  of  the  Cababi  range  are  the  Quijotoa  mountains, 
jjig  famous  for  the  so-called  Bonanza  mines,  from  which  so 

much  was  expected  and  so  little  resulted.  The  steady 
QlllJOtOaS.  decline  in  silver  after  active  work  was  begun  probably 

accounts  for  their  failure  to  realize  expectations.  Alining 
operations  are  not  entirely  suspended,  however,  for  a  number  of  promising 
gold  prospects  are  being  developed  in  an  extension  of  the  range.  The  In- 
dians have  worked  the  gold  placers  on  the  slopes  of  the  foothills  for  years, 
and  the  average  product  of  the  precious  metal  is  estimated,  by  traders  who 
purchase  it  from  them,  at  not  less  than  100  ounces  per  month.  The  ab- 
sence of  surface  water  in  this  section  has  proved  a  drawback  to  placer 
mining  on  a  large  scale.  Water,  however,  in  abundance  is  found  in  the  val- 
ley at  a  depth  of  500  feet,  and  there  is  a  well  and  pumping  plant  on  the 
ground  that  could  be  utilized  by  an  enterprising  company. 

Further  west  to  the  Colorado  river  are  frequently  occurring  mineral  de- 
posits, principally  gold  and  copper,  but  on  account  of  their  distance  from 
lines  of  communication  they  are  not  much  regarded. 

_,.  Returning  to  Tucson  and  traveling  south,  we  reach  the 

San  Xavier  group  of  patented  mines,  seven  in  all.  They 
San  Xavier  are  located  about  sixteen  miles  south  from  Tucson  and 

M.  about  four  miles  from  the  Santa  Cruz  river.    There  was 

a  large  amount  of  development  work  done  on  these  prop- 
erties prior  to  twelve  years  ago,  the  deepest  workings  being  230  feet. 
Large  quantities  of  ore  were  taken  out  and  shipped  at  a  good  profit  when 
labor,  supplies  and  freight  rates  and  smelter  charges  were  much  higher 
than  at  present.  These  mines  have  been  purchased  by  Eastern  parties, 
represented  by  Messrs.  Manning  &  Cameron,  which  means  much  for 
Tucson  and  the  Olive  camp.  This  is  probably  the  most  promising  group  of 
mines  within  a  radius  of  sixty  miles  of  Tucson.  They  have  been  exton- 
sively  developed,  and  all  show  very  large  bodies  of  high-grade  ore  of  load. 
silver,  gold  and  copper.  The  mines  have  been  idle  for  years,  owing  to  the 
fact  that  the  stock  was  owned  by  people  who  were  wealthy,  and  who  knew 
the  mines  were  very  rich,  and  believed  the  money  to  be  just  as  safe  in  tin- 
mines  as  in  the  banks.  While  they  were  right,  this  was  of  no  advantage 
to  the  territory.  The  change  of  ownership  of  the  properties  will  prove  of 
great  advantage  to  Tucson  and  this  mining  region. 

Tt  is  the  intention  to  commence  shipping  the  high-grade  ore  as  soon 
as  the  mines  are  in  condition  to  extract  the  same,  which  will  be  in  about 


Treasures  of  Wealth,  63 

six  weeks.  The  lowest  grade  of  ore  will  be  left  on  1he  dump  to  be  worked 
or  reduced,  as  a  plant  will  be  erected  there  to  handle  the  same.  In  some 
of  the  mines  lead  and  silver  predominate,  copper  in  others,  and  in  others 
all  four  metals  are  combined. 

The  Helmet  Peak  Company  are  working  a  few  men,  un- 
der Bob  Roberts,  superintendent,  on  their  group  of  mines 
Olive  Camp.          lying  about  a  mile  and  a  half  south  of  the  Olive  camp, 
and  twenty-two  miles  south  of  Tucson.    The  group  con- 
sists of  four  claims,  including  the  once  famous  Specu- 
lation mine,  worked  some  years  ago  by  what  was  called  here  The  Westing- 
house  Company.     The  Helmet  Peak  Company  was  organized  here  a  few 
months  ago  and  represents  Tucson  capital  solely.     The  work  now  being 
done  is  on  the  Atlanta  mine  (formerly  the  Speculation).    At  a  depth  of  fifty 
feet  drifting  is  being  done  on  the  lead,  which  is  several  feet  in  width,  with 
a  pay  streak  of  ten  to  eighteen  inches,  which  by  sample  assay  shows  sixty 
and  eighty  ounces  silver,  and  40  per  cent.  lead.    Other  mines  in  the  vicinity 
are  being  worked  in  a  small  way. 

Traveling  south  and  east  about  forty-five  miles,  we  reach 
Arivaca  *^e  -^"vaca  district,  one  of  the  oldest  mining  camps  in 

the  territory.  It  has  a  delightfiil  situation  among  rolling 
District.  hills  and  grassy  plains,  a  fine  climate  and  abundance  of 

wood  and  water,  but  has,  so  far,  been  unsatisfactory  to 
the  investor,  principally  on  account  of  mismanagement.  The  ledges, 
whether  gold  or  silver,  are  generally  exceedingly  rich  on  the  surface,  and 
lead  to  exaggerated  hopes  which  bring  their  own  defeat.  For  several  years 
no  earnest  work  has  been  done  in  this  district,  and  we  are  of  the  opinion 
that  when  really  competent  people  get  on  the  ground,  it  will  prove  to  be  a 
good  and  permanent  mining  section. 

Seven  miles  southeast  of  Arivaca  lies  the  Oro  Blanco  dis- 
Oro  BlanCO  trict,  containing  over  100  square  miles  of  country,  min- 

eralized, with  surf  ace, croppings  on  almost  every  hill,  and, 
District.  like  the  Arivaca  district,  with  gold  literally  in  every 

gulch.  The  Mexicans  have  unremittingly  worked  these 
placers  during  the  rainy  season  from  the  dawn  of  Arizona  history  and  long 
before  Uncle  Sam  purchased  the  territory.  The  district  has  been  held  back 
by  a  number  of  unfavorable  circumstances.  It  is  only  reached  after  a  long 
stage  ride,  and  it  is  only  lately  that  any  one  has  cared  to  seek  gold.  Then, 
too,  it  has  been  a  victim  to  the  common  error  of  putting  up  mills  before 
developing  the  mines,  and  becaiise  undeveloped  mines  could  not  furnish 
ores  fast  enough,  confidence  in  them  failed,  or  the  work  was  abandoned 
because  the  funds  originally  provided  were  exhausted  in  building  the  mill 
and  none  obtainable  for  procuring  ore. 

There  is  not  to-day,  so  far  as  we  can  learn,  a  shaft  300  feet  deep  in 
the  whole  district,  and  it  has  produced  more  bullion  to  the  cubic  foot  of 
excavation  than  any  district  in  the  territory.  We  believe  there  is  no  better 
field  for  legitimate  mining  in  Arizona,  but  visitors  must  not  expect  to  find 
developed  mines  here.  It  is  a  region  of  prospects,  but  they  are  admirable 
ones,  and  ought  to  interest  capital. 

The  rock  formations  are  generally  granite  and  porphyry,  with  argil- 
laceous slates,  and  seem  to  be  everywhere  gold-bearing.  Gold  can  be  panned 
from  every  ravine  and  gulch,  and  even  on  the  hillsides,  especially  when  the 
soil  is  reddened  by  decomposed  pyrites. 

Not  only  gold,  but  silver,  lead,  copper  and  iron  ores  are  found,  but  gold 
is  the  most  generally  diffused  metal,  and  follows  a  broad  belt  through  the 


64  Treasure  Land. 

district.  The  principal  mines  or  claims  along  this  belt  are  the  Oro,  Nil 
Desperandum,  Sorrel  Top,  Tres  Amigos,  Holden,  Gold  Bug,  McClenahan, 
Old  Glory  group,  Rob  Roy,  Golden  Eagle  and  Austerlitz  group. 

The  Oro  mine  is  being  operated  profitably,  under  the  superintendence 
of  Mr.  S.  H.  Gould,  by  a  Chicago  company.  There  is  a  ten-stamp  mill  on 
the  property,  which  is  constantly  running  on  ores  averaging  from  $25  to  $50 
per  ton. 

The  Old  Glory  property  has  a  twenty-stamp  mill,  but  has  not  been 
operated  for  the  last  few  months,  owing  to  the  inadequate  supply  of  water. 
The  dam  is  being  raised,  and  when  the  reservoir  is  filled  by  the  summer 
rains,  operations  will  be  resumed  and  possibly  ten  additional  stamps  added. 
The  mine  is  said  to  be  in  excellent  condition,  with  an  abundance  of  high- 
grade  ore.  Major  E.  Fechet  is  the  superintendent. 

Dr.  A.  H.  Noon,  an  authority  on  the  resources  of  this  district,  is  em- 
phatic in  his  belief  that  the  Oro  Blanco  section  is  a  rich  and  inviting  field, 
which  is  now  receiving  increased  attention,  and  will  eventually  add  largely 
to  the  mineral  product  of  Southern  Arizona. 

In  the  Pajarito  country,  on  the  Mexican  line,  is  an  ex- 
tensive and  rich  field    of    future  possibilities,  combined 
The  PajaritOS.       with  pastoral  facilities.    The  section  is  also  healthy,  and 
possesses  some  of  the  most  picturesque   and   beautiful 
mountain  scenery  in  Southern  Arizona.     Though  silent 
now,  the  clink  of  the  hammer  and  the  thunder  of  the  blast  will  give  this 
district  new  life;  and  fortunate  will  he  be  who  gets  there  early. 

The  Jalisco  district  adjoins  Oro  Blanco  on  the  east,  the 
JallSCO  northern  portion  being  known  as  the  Papillote  valley,  ami 

is  situated  a  few  miles  southerly  from  the  Sopori  val- 
District.  ley.  Several  locations  were  made  in  this  district  and 

worked  on  a  small  scale  several  years  ago;  but  the  fact 
that  the  ores  contained  copper  and  silver,  and  copper  ores  being  then  but 
little  sought  for,  and  silver  depreciating,  caused  the  district  to  be  aban- 
doned. 

Recently,  however,  Dr.  A.  H.  Noon,  C.  W.  Kempton,  M.  E.,  and  others 
have  given  the  district  special  attention  and  located  and  worked  several 
claims,  with  the  result  of  demonstrating  that  it  is  a  very  promising  copper- 
bearing  region.  A  portion  of  the  district  is  traversed  by  dark  calc-spar 
belts  cutting  through  the  porphyritic  and  dioritic  country  rocks,  and  in 
association  with  or  near  the  spar  are  outcrops  and  indications  of  valuable 
copper  veins  running  well  in  silver  and  gold.  Quartzite  and  eruptive  form- 
ations, peculiar  in  character,  and  geologically  and  mineralogically  interest- 
ing, are  worthy  of  special  attention. 

The  group  of  copper  prospects  known  as  the  Copperopolis  group  are 
very  promising  locations,  the  outcrops  showing  width,  length  and  quality. 
High-grade  ores  have  been  shipped  from  surface  deposits,  some  of  it  run- 
ning as  high  as  48  per  cent,  copper  and  ninety-one  ounces  silver  per  ton. 
Occasional  high  gold  values  are  obtained  also. 

The  district  is  very  accessible,  being  only  twenty  miles  from  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Arivaca  and  Tucson  stage  lines,  and  we  are  confident  that  it 
can  not  long  remain  unnoticed  by  capitalists. 

Crossing  the  Santa  Cruz  valley  from  the  junction,  we 
Santa  Rita  come  to  the  western  slope  of  the  Santa  Rita  mountains, 

whose  pine-clad    summits  fill  the  southern    horizon    of 
MtS.  Tucson.     These  mountains  probably  contain  more  min- 

eral and  a  greater  variety  than  any  range  in  the  world, 
comprising  the  whole  list  from  gold  to  coal,  from  coal  to  marble  and  onyx. 


Treasures  of  Wealth.  65 

The  Tyndall          These  districts,  on  the  southern  and  western  slopes  of  the 

mountains,  were  exploited  with  energy  and  bad  manage- 

and  Aztec  ment  in  the  early  '80s,  but  the  stockholders  in  the  syn- 

DJStriCtS.  dicated  companies  lost  hope  with  the  decline  of  silver, 

and  all  work  was  finally  abandoned,  the  gold  values  in 

the  ores  being  no  inducement  to  maintain  the  reckless  expenditures  made 

by  the  different  companies. 

On  the  eastern  slope  of  the  mountains  lies  the  Greater- 
ville  district,  chiefly  known  for  its  enduring  gold  placers. 
Greaterville.  The  camp  is  on  the  east  side  of  "Old  Baldy,"  the  highest 
peak  of  the  Santa  Ritas,  seven  miles  from  the  Empire 
ranch,  five  miles  south  of  Rosemont,  and  eight  miles 
from  Sonoita  on  the  Sonora  railroad.  Apart  from  the  extensive  gold 
placers  there  are  numerous  ledges  of  gold,  silver,  lead,  copper,  iron,  etc. 
Fine  marble  and  onyx  are  also  found  in  the  district.  There  are  only  about 
sixteen  Americans  here,  the  population  being  chiefly  Mexicans  and  Yaqui 
Indians  who  work  the  placers.  A  moderate  amount  of  capital  here  would 
develop  wonders.  None  of  the  mines  in  the  district  are  100  feet  deep,  and 
yet  many  carloads  of  high-grade  ore  have  been  shipped  during  the  last  ten 
years.  We  consider  this  section  a  good  field  for  careful  examination.  The 
placers  have  yielded  largely  for  over  twenty-five  years  and  show  no  signs 
of  exhaustion,  and  the  indications  are  everywhere  favorable  for  perma- 
nent and  profitable  ledges.  The  operations  on  the  placers  furnish  good 
business  for  two  general  stores,  and  the  small  band  of  Americans,  await- 
ing the  arrival  of  capital  to  help  them  out  of  the  rut,  form  an  interesting 
community. 

We  are  indebted  to  Mrs.  John  B.  Anderson  for  information  regarding 
this  section. 

The  Rosemont  camp,  five  miles  from  Greaterville,  is  at- 
Rosemont  tracting  attention.  The  property  is  gold  and  copper,  and 

the  fifty-ton  smelter  is  working  to  its  utmost  capacity. 
Camp.  There  are  more  than  forty  men  at  work.  The  company 

is  a  New  York  concern,  and  they  are  driving  their  main 
tunnel  straight  through  the  mountain,  by  means  of  which  they  expect  to 
intersect  all  the  veins,  which  they  then  propose  to  work  out  or  develop. 
This  company  is  prosecuting  its  workings  in  a  systematic  and  business-like 
manner,  pay  promptly  every  month,  and  propose  to  get  what  is  in  the 
Rosemont  in  the  shortest  time  possible;  or,  if  it  proves  the  bonanza  which 
present  showings  indicate,  make  this  one  of  the  prominent  camps  of 
the  Southwest. 

The  Empire  district,  seven  miles  south  of  Pantano  sta- 
The  EmDire  tion'  on  the  Soutnern  Pacific  railroad,  has  received  little 

attention  the  last  few  years  on  account  of  the  decline  in 
District.  silver.  The  ores  are  found  in  a  limestone  formation  and 

come  in  bunches,  usually  of  great  richness.  Contrary  to 
I  he  general  impression,  operations  have  not  entirely  ceased,  and  shipments 
of  high-grade  ores  are  constantly  being  made. 

Retracing  our  steps  to  Greaterville  and  thence  descend- 
The  Patagonia      m^  *ne  Srassv  mesa  to  the  Sonoita  valley,  we  find  in  the 
Patagonia  mountains  another  vast  and  undeveloped  min- 
MtS.  eral  region. 

The  Empire  Smelting  and  Mining  Company  are  sup- 
plying their  100-ton  lead  silver  smelter  from  the  old  Flux  mine  and  the 
Hardshell,  nnd.  so  far  as  we  can  learn,  experience  no  difficulty  in  extract- 
ing largo  quantities  of  low-grade  ore  from  these  properties. 


66  Treasure  Land. 

The  World's  Fair  mine  is  still  in  bonanza,  the  ore  being  extremely  rich 
in  silver.  A  mill  was  erected  on  this  property  under  a  guarantee  that  ii 
would  work  the  ore,  but.  it  has  failed  to  come  up  to  expectations,  and  the 
owner  of  the  mine  is  waiting  for  the  manufacturers  to  take  it  out  of  his 
way. 

These  are  the  only  mines  of  any  importance  now  being  operated  in  the 
argentiferous  belt  of  the  Patagonia  mountains,  the  Enterprise  and  the 
Trench  having  closed  down  temporarily. 

In  the  copper  belt  in  the  vicinity  of  Washington  camp,  the  work  of  de- 
velopnlent  is  progressing. 

The  Duquesne  company  has  an  abundance  of  ore  at  the  235-foot  level, 
and  are  now  sinking  the  main  shaft,  fully  determined  to  make  the  mine  a 
big  producer.  Big  bodies  of  ore  are  opened  up  sufficient  to  justify  the  be- 
lief that  the  company  have  a  large  and  very  valuable  property.  The  grade 
of  the  ore  is  not  high,  but  can  be  worked  on  the  ground  at  a  fair  profit. 
Some  250  tons  of  the  ore  have  been  shipped  to  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  for  treat- 
ment. The  working  of  this  ore  will  determine  largely  the  character  of  the 
works  that  will  be  placed  at  the  mine.  The  company  is  working  quite  a 
force  of  men  and,  luckily  for  old  Tucson,  they  draw  most  of  their  supplies 
from  here. 


Crossing  the  range,  about  sixteen  miles  toward 
TUCSOn  Min-          we  reacu  the  Tucson  mining  district,  which  is  probably 

one  of  the  oldest  in  Arizona.  Less  than  five  miles  from 
ing  District.  the  Line  City,  it  is  a  fine  mineral  region,  prolific  in  ores 

containing  gold,  Jead  and  silver  in  varying  proportions. 
Ancient  excavations  show  extensive  workings  by  the  old  Spanish  and  Mex- 
ican miners,  and  the  results  of  modern  prospects  prove  that  it  is  a  rich 
field  for  the  investor.  There  is  no  extensive  work  being  done  here  at  pres- 
ent, but  in  the  near  future  this  section  is  certain  to  attract  attention.  The 
formation  is  granite,  intersected  by  diorite  dykes,  which  dykes  are  invari- 
ably cut  by  the  mineral-bearing  fissures.  Major  H.  A.  Read  is  carrying 
on  extensive  operations  in  this  district.  He  is  now  down  sixty  feet  on  a 
five-foot  ledge  of  silver  sulphide,  carrying  a  small  quantity  of  gold.  The 
mine  is  only  a  hundred  yards  from  the  railroad  track,  with  wood  and  water 
in  abundance. 

East  of  Tucson,  in  the  foothills  of  the  Santa  Catalina 
Santa  Catalina  mountains,  there  have  been  some  wonderful  discoveries 

of  precious  mineral.  Several  of  these  have  been  exten- 
MtS.  sively  worked,  notably  in  the  vicinity  of  Mammoth,  a 

mining  camp  near  the  San  Pedro  river.  The  Mammoth 
Gold  Mining  and  Milling  Company  has  a  large  mill  here,  which  is  now  idle, 
owing  to  disagreement  between  the  English  and  American  stockholders.  It 
has  been  a  large  gold  producer  in  the  past,  and  the  signs  are  now  favorable 
for  extensive  operations  in  the  future.  Tlfe  Mohawk  mines  are  on  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  famous  Mammoth  mine,  and  are  owned  by  The  Mohawk 
Mining  and  Milling  Company,  whose  headquarters  are  at  Hartford,  Conn. 
This  company  has  pursued  a  conservative  policy  in  developing  its  property 
before  going  to  the  expense  of  erecting  works,  having,  by  means  of  a 
horse  whim,  sunk  a  double  compartment  shaft  330  feet  on  the  lead,  and 
driven  over  1,000  feet  of  crosscuts  and  drifts  at  different  levels.  The  re- 
sults proving  highly  satisfactory,  machinery  for  hoisting  works  and  a 
twenty-stamp  mill  were  put  up,  and  a  three-inch  pipe  line  laid  to  the  pump- 
ing plant,  five  miles  distant  and  700  feet  lower.  The  pump,  a  Riedler,  with 
six-inch  suction  and  five-inch  discharge,  has  a  capacity  of  500,000  gallons 
per  twenty-four  hours. 


Treasures  of  Wealth.  67 

The  Southern  Belle  is  another  valuable  gold  property  upon  which  work 
has  been  discontinued,  owing  to  mismanagement.  There  is  a  good  ten- 
stamp  mill  011  the  property. 

On  the  north  side  of  the  range,  the  Canada  de  Oro  has  long  been  known 
for  its  valuable  placers,  and  during  the  past  few  months  Major  H.  C. 
Ueno  and  Mr.  Frank  Newsam  have  taken  up  two  square  miles  of  ground, 
about  thirty-two  miles  from  Tucson.  They  now  have  twenty-five  men  at 
work  building  a  dam  at  a  considerable  elevation  for  the  storage  of  water. 
Upon  the  completion  of  this  they  expect,  after  the  summer  rains,  to  have  a 
large  supply  of  water  with  a  pressure  that  will  enable  them  to  hydraulic 
the  placers,  and,  from  the  known  richness  of  the  ground,  their  enterprise 
will  probably  be  successful. 

The  Silver  Belle  district  lies  about  forty-five  miles  north- 
Silver  Belle  west  of  Tucson,  and  is  one  of  the  best  copper  and  lead 

districts  in  the  country.  The  principal  copper  properties 
District.  are  the  Young  America,  Old  Boot  and  Atlas,  all  of  which 

are  being  actively  developed,  with  results  satisfactory  to 
I  heir  owners.  The  greatest  amount  of  work  has  been  done  on  the  Young 
America  and  Old  Boot.  The  formation  is  lime  and  porphyry,  and  the  ore  is 
of  good  average  value.  The  argentiferous  lead  properties  are  said  to  be  ex- 
ceedingly valuable. 

In  addition  to  the  districts  enumerated,  there  are  others 
Final  COUlltV        tributary   to   Tucson,   and   properly   coming  within   the 
scope  of  this  review.    Among  these  we  instance  the  min- 
MineS.  eral  region  south  of  Casa  Grande,  now  the  scene  of  ex- 

tensive operations,  and  the  country  north  of  Florence. 
The  principal  ores  receiving  attention  are  those  of  copper  and  gold.  Some 
of  the  mines  are  well  developed  and  producing  bullion.  The  Ray  copper 
properties,  north  of  Florence,  are  among  the  most  considerable  in  the  coun- 
try, having  been  pronounced  by  one  expert  equal  to  the  Anaconda.  They 
are  now  under  bond  to  an  English  syndicate  for  a  large  sum.  In  the  same 
district  are  extensive  deposits  of  low-grade  gold  ores,  which  will  soon  re- 
ceive attention. 

South  of  Tucson,  in  Sonora,  Mexico,  are  the  El  Grupo  and 
Plomo  properties,  operated  by  Americans.    They  are  near 
Sonora  Mines       the  international  boundary  line  and  reached  from  Tucson 
over  a  good  wagon  road.    A  bi-weekly  stage  gives  us  reg- 
ular communication  with  these  settlements,  and  the  open- 
ing of  a  custom  house  at  Sasabe  by  the  Mexican  government  will  throw  all 
their  trade  into  Tucson.     So  far  as  we  can  learn,  the  results  of  operations 
have  been  extremely  satisfactory,  and  large  milling  plants  will  be  erected 
shortly. 

Look  OUt  for  Some  of  the  peculiarities  of  gold  mining  are  worthy  of 
.,  the  attention  of  those  who  are  inclined  to  invest  their 

money  on  the  strength  of  "assays  across  the  ledge."  Gold 
Pay-Streak.  is  not  so  apt  to  be  diffused  through  the  whole  width  of 

a  ledge  as  some  other  metals  are,  and  prefers  to  confine 
itself  to  what  are  termed  "pay-streaks,"  and  frequently  a  few  inches  of 
pay-streak  give  all  the  value  to  be  found  in  a  six-foot  ledge.  We  recall  an 
instance  where  a  twelve-inch  pay-streak  fertilized  a  ten-foot  ledge,  and  the 
inexperienced  owner,  who  had  built  a  twenty-stamp  mill  to  work  it,  ran 
through  nine  cubic  feet  of  barren  quartz  to  one  cubic  foot  of  ore  for  a  year 
before  he  discovered  what  he  was  doing.  The  moral  of  this  is:  Sample 
the  ledge  in  sections  and  look  out  for  the  pay-streak,  if  there  is  any,  and 
don't  put  up  a  mill  to  work  a  ten-foot  ledge  until  you  are  sure  you  have 
ten  feet  of  ore. 


68 


Treasure  La  ml. 


THE  PROSPECTOR. 

Though  I'm  only  an  old  prospector, 

I'm  not  quite  as  green  as  I  looks. 
My  knowledge  is  got  from  nature  direct 

An'  not  from  y'  Tmisty  old  books ; 
So  when  experts  samples  a  rock, 

An' pretends  to  see  what's  behind  it, 
1  laugh,  for  I  learnt  long  ago 

Th'  stuff's  just  about  where  y'  find  it . 

When  nature  filled  up  th'  cracks 

In  th'  rocks,  she  didn't  much  can- 
If  them  experts  liked  it  or  not, 

For  she  dumped  it  most  anywhere. 
So  git  out  y'  pick  and  y'  drill, 

An'  put  lots  of  muscle  behind  'em — 
/  reckon  you'll  strike  them  rich  ores 

Exactly  about  where  y'  find  em! 


THE  PEOSPECTOU. 

In  a  mining  country  like  Arizona,  the  poor  prospector  is  one  of  tlu> 
prominent  agencies  of  development  whose  importance  is  often  underesti- 
mated. He  endures  hardships  and  privations  that  only  those  who  have 
experienced  them  can  realize.  He  toils  on  in  search  of  the  precious  metals, 
and  when  he  succeeds  in  finding  a  promising  lode,  his  task  is  but  begun. 
For  days,  months,  years  perhaps,  he  drills  into  the  -unyielding  rock,  follow- 
ing the  seams  of  ore  until  he  displays  sufficient  to  tempt  the  capitalist.  Yet, 
after  all  the  stern  lessons  of  toil  and  privation,  when  prosperity  comes,  he 
lavishes  his  hard-earned  wealth  or  divides  it  freely  among  his  friends  until 
it  is  gone,  and  then  begins  anew.  There  are  many  noble  hearts  beating  be- 
neath the  rough  miner's  .jacket,  and  a  degree  of  honor,  candor  and  intelli- 


Treasures  of  Wealth.  69 

gence  among  them  that  evokes  our  respect.  All  honor  to  the  hardy  pioneer 
of  the  golden  hills,  and  may  the  visions  of  wealth  that  cheer  his  solitary 
toil  he  fully  realized! 

The  professional  prospector's  wealth  is  usually  confined 
-pt-e  to  the  power  of  his  muscles  and  his  experience  in  locat- 

ing the  precious  metals,  and  while  this  is  a  valuable  cap- 
GfUb-Stake.  ital,  it  is  not  a  complete  equipment  for  his  business,  hence 
the  prevalence  of  what  is  called  "grub-staking,"  which  is 
explained  as  follows:  The  prospector  who  has  a  reputation  for  fair  deal- 
ing and  a  thorough  knowledge  of  his  business  induces  some  small  capital- 
ist or  storekeeper  to  provide  him  with  an  outfit  of  cooking  utensils,  provis- 
ions and  mining  implements  and  supplies,  sufficient  to  last  weeks  or 
months,  as  the  case  may  be.  To  these  are  added  a  burro  or  two  to  carry 
the  "outfit,"  and  with  this  equipment  the  prospector  turns  his  back  on  civ- 
ilization and  proceeds  to  the  hills  he  has  selected  for  the  scene  of  his  labors. 
The  contract  between  the  prospector  and  the  party  who  thus  "grub-stakes" 
him  is  that  all  mineral  discoveries  shall  be  located  for  their  joint  benefit. 
No  formal  contract  is  drawn  up,  the  whole  transaction  being  upon  honor, 
but  we  have  never  heard  of  a  case  wherein  faith  was  broken. 

Many  of  our  citizens  have  acquired  interests  in  valuable  properties  by 
grub-staking  needy  prospectors.  In  this  way  Mr.  Gleason  obtained  his  in- 
terest in  the  wonderful  King  of  Arizona  group,  and  we  could  mention 
scores  of  others  whose  fortunes  were  founded  on  a  "grub-stake." 

It  will,  no  doubt,  be  interesting  to  the  reader  to  hear 

Our  Bullion  something  about  our  bullion  producers.     Mere  reference 

to  what  can  be  done  or  ought  to  be  done  is  poor  food,  but 

Producers.  a  statement  of  fact  as  to  what  has  been  done  and  is  doing 

is  strong  meat. 

The  fame  of  Arizona  as  a  copper  producer  is  well  sustained.  The  great 
camps  of  Bisbee,  of  Globe,  Jerome  (the  United  Verde  mine),  of  the  Clifton 
region,  have  been  producing  actively  for  the  past  year.  There  has  been  an 
increased  production  near  Tucson,  and  large  amounts  of  ore  have  been  sent 
to  the  local  smelters  at  the  railroad. 

The  mines  at  Rosemont,  in  the  Santa  Ritas,  some  twenty-five  miles 
southeast  of  Tucson,  have  changed  ownership,  and  preparations  are  being 
made  to  work  them  on  a  liberal  scale. 

The  small  copper  smelter  at  Tucson  has  been  running  for  some  time 
upon  ores  of  local  production,  chiefly  from  Hughes  camp,  from  Olive  camp, 
and  the  Sierritas.  The  copper  ores  received  from  July  1,  1895,  to  June  30, 
1890,  amounted  to  2,200,000  pounds.  The  copper  bullion  shipped  during  the 
same  period  weighed  265,751  pounds,  and  the  copper  matte  228,548  pounds. 

In  gold  production  the  active  and  profitable  factors  are  the  Oro  mine, 
Old  Glory  and  a  number  of  other  smaller  plants  in  the  vicinity  of  Tucson. 
The  Fortuna  mine  is  still  in  bonanza  and  swelling  the  wealth  of  its  owners. 
The  production  exceeds  $50,000  per  month,  the  average  assay  value  for 
four  months  being  $40  per  ton. 

The  King  of  Arizona  has  just  started  its  mill,  and  the  clean-up  of  two 
tons  brought  $1,200  in  gold  bullion.  The  ore  is  absolutely  free  milling,  and 
averages  up  in  the  hundreds. 

In  the  Harquahalas  a  ten-stamp  mill  and  a  large  cyanide  plant  are  being 
run  on  a  good  quality  of  ore,  with*  profit  to  the  owners. 

The  Congress  mine  is  one  of  the  most  prolific  in  the  world.  Three  hun- 
dred and  fifty  men  are  employed,  and  the  mines  and  buildings  are  lighted 
by  electricity,  and  the  company  operates  its  own  line  of  railroad.  The 
principal  ore  is  a  pyrite  and  carries  an  average  of  eight  ounces  to  the  ton. 
The  production  of  bullion  is  great,  and  the  profit  to  the  owners  must  be  im- 


70  Treasure  Land. 

mense.  The  present  reduction  works  consist  of  a  forty-stamp  mill  and  a 
cyanide  plant  for  the  treatment  of  tailings,  which  will  shortly  be  increased, 
as  the  productiveness  of  the  mine  appears  to  be  unlimited. 

The  Empire  Smelting  Company,  at  Crittenden,  sixty  miles  from  Tucson, 
have  already  blown  in  their  100-ton  smelter  on  argentiferous  lead  ores  from 
the  Patagonia  district,  and  as  the  management  is  more  than  ordfnarily 
competent,  we  have  no  doubt  the  enterprise  will  be  profitable. 

We  could  furnish  other  examples  of  actual  and  profitable  bullion  pro- 
ducers, but  those  given  should  satisfy  the  reader  that  we  are  already  on  a 
working  basis. 

Ross  Browne  and  every  person  since  him,  including  H. 
H.  Bancroft,  who  has  essayed  to  write  a  history  of  Ari- 
?     ?     ?  zona,  has  had  to  interview  the  Hon.  Sam.  Hughes,  and 

the  compilers  of  this  volume  have  followed  the  illus- 
trious examples.  Mr.  Hughes  was  born,  like  most  chil- 
dren, with  a  note  of  interrogation  at  the  end  of  his  tongue,  but,  unlike  the 
majority,  it  never  dried  up.  His  yearning  to  know  has  never  been  satis- 
fied and  never  will  be  this  side  the  grave.  If  he  had  had  the  opportunities 
for  acquiring  knowledge  enjoyed  by  the  present  generation  he  might  have 
concluded,  like  them,  at  an  early  age,  that  he  knew  it  all,  and  ceased  prose- 
cuting useless  inquiries.  But  Sam  will  never  concede  that  he  knows  any- 
thing and,  consequently,  is  constantly  acquiring  information.  Thus,  when 
he  came  to  Arizona,  in  1858,  he  immediately  began  to  inquire  all  about  it, 
and,  getting  little  satisfaction  from  the  Americans,  who  usually  considered 
it  the  best  place  in  the  world  to  know  as  little  about  as  possible,  he  inter- 
viewed the  oldest  Mexican  inhabitants,  and  thus  became  the  depository  of 
information  that  would  otherwise  have  been  lost.  Incidentally  he  has  ac- 
quired considerable  information  about  other  matters,  which  he  has  used 
in  his  business  for  a  number  of  years  with  profit  to  himself,  and  his  pe- 
culiar faculty  of  asking  questions  until  people  begin  to  think  they  know  less 
than  he  does,  has  made  him  one  of  the  most  important  agencies  in  the  de- 
velopment of  the  territory. 

We  could  have  interviewed  him,  with  profit  to  our  readers,  upon  almost 
any  subject,  but  decided  to  confine  ourselves  as  much  as  possible  to  that 
of  mining  and  minerals. 

In  the  year  1769  a  region  of  virgin  silver  \vas  discovered 
PlanchaS  de          "a*  a  P^ace  ca^e(i  Arizona,"  which  has  been  located  at 
various  places  by  parties  interested  in  "booming"  their 
Plata.  own  properties.     When  the  news  of  this  discovery  was 

made  public,  a  vast  multitude  of  people  anxious  to  find 
themselves  suddenly  rich,  were  attracted  to  the  spot.  At  a  depth  of  a  few 
yards  masses  of  pure  silver  were  found;  several  pieces  weighed  upward  of 
500  pounds,  and  one  was  reported  a  trifle  short  of  two  tons!  In  order  to 
protect  this  treasure,  the  commander  of  the  Presidio  of  Altar  sent  troops 
to  bring  it  to  him  for  safe  keeping,  and  he  retained  it  as  the  property  of  the 
crown  of  Spain.  The  finders  appealed  to  Guadalajara,  and  the  authorities 
there  referred  it  to  Madrid,  where  the  matter  was  carefully  considered  dur- 
ing leisure  moments  for  the  next  seven  years.  The  Spaniards  rather  hur- 
ried their  decision,  according  to  American  notions,  for  it  found  most  of  the 
interested  parties  alive.  It  is,  perhaps,  unnecessary  to  state  that  it  sus- 
tained the  crown,  and  it  was  ordered  that  thenceforth  the  mines  should  be 
worked  for  the  benefit  of  the  king  of  Spain. 

After  the  promulgation  of  this  decree  only  the  Gambuslnos  took  any 
further  interest  in  the  silver  question,  and  they  sought  it  where  the  officers 
of  the  crown  could  not  find  them.  One  party  crossed  the  Santa  Cruz  valley 
to  the  Patagonia  mountains  and  discovered  the  Mina  del  Padre,  afterwards 
called  the  Trench  mine,  near  Harshaw,  and  another  continued  east  to  the 


Treasures  of  Wealth.  71 

Huachucas,  and  at  the  southeast  end  of  this  range  they  found  rich  silver 
deposits.     These  they  worked  with  such  implements  as  they  had,  and  the 
tunnels  they  ran  can  be  seen  to-day.    Operations  were  abandoned  here  for 
some  reason,  and  at  the  northeast  end  of  the  range  a  deposit  of  virgin  cop- 
per was  found.    The  containing  rock  had  probably  fallen 
Planchas  de          a^'uy,  leaving  the  sheets  of  copper,  some  of  them  four 
inches  thick,  lying  exposed  upon  the  ground.    Carts  were 
Cobre.  made  to  haul  the  pieces  that  could  not  be  cut  up,  to  the 

different  missions. 

This  copper  was  used  for  making  large  pans  for  rendering  tallow  and 
making  soap,  and  there  are  several  of  them  still  in  the  country,  one  of  them 
being  in  Tucson  at  the  present  time.  Still  another  party  of  the  Gambusinos 
traveled  northwest  from  the  unsatisfactory  Plancha  de  Plata  country,  into 
the  Papagueria,  where  they  discovered  gold.  Others  mined  turquoise  in 
the  Silver  Bell  district,  turquoise  being  them  a  medium  of  exchange  with 
the  Indians,  and  therefore  as  valuable  as  silver  for  the  purchase  of  local 
products. 

At  the  time  of  the  Planchas  de  Plata  excitement,  Guevavi,  near  Nogales, 
was  the  supply  station,  and  Altar  the  military  post  of  the  northwest,  the 
civil  authorities  having  headquarters  at  Caborca,  but  why  this  peculiar 
segregation  was  made  is  not  apparent. 

The  first  aerolite  discovered  in  Arizona  was  found  by 
The  First  Spanish  soldiers  in  the  Santa  Rita  mountains,  near  the 

site  of  Rosemont,  in  the  early  part  of  the  century,  but  it 
Aerolite.  was  evidently  only  a  portion  of  a  very  large  one.  An- 

other piece  of  this  aerolite  was  found  in  1858.  Both  were 
used  as  anvils  until  their  true  value  was  discovered  by  Americans,  after 
the  Gadsden  purchase.  One  piece  is  now  in  the  Smithsonian  institute  and 
the  other  in  San  Francisco. 

Platinum  has  been  found  in  this  vicinity  in  small  quauti- 
Platinum  and        t*es'  n°tat>ly  in  the  Sierritas,   Santa  Ritas,  and  on  the 
northwest  side  of  the  Santa  Catalinas.     The  best  show- 
Tin,  ing  is  in  the  Sierritas,  where  it  always  has  free  gold  at- 
tached  to   it.     It   may   appear   in   commercial   quantity 
without  being  noticed,  as  our  prospectors  are  only  on  the  lookout  for  the 
principal  metals.    Tin  has  also  been  found  in  small  quantities  in  the  copper 
belt  of  the  Santa  Ritas,  around  Rosemont,  but  no  special  attention  has  been 
trivi'U  it. 

.Manganese,  borax  and  aluin  appear  in  belts  through  the  county,  the 
principal  being  one  passing  west  of  Tucson,  and  another  up  the  Sonoita 
valley. 

There  were  several  great  mining  excitements  prior  to  the 

Mining  American  occupation,  the  most  notable  being  that  of  1851. 

Mr.    Hughes    notes    that    which    originated    with    Gen. 

Excitements.         Larion.      While   chasing   Apaches   near   Charleston,    his 

scouts  brought  in  rich  ore  samples,  and  in  an  effort  to 

lind  the  vein  the  general  raised  large  parties  in  Tucson,  Tubac  and  Santa 

Cruz,  but  it  was  never  found  by  them.     In  January,  1851,  the  Apaches 

raided  the  vicinity  of  Tucson  and  had  several  encounters  with  the  garrison. 

They  were  about  to  attempt  to  carry  the  Presidio  by  assault  when  they 

learned  that  a  large  body  of  Papagoes  were  coming  from  the  south.    They 

immediately  negotiated  a   truce  through   a  captive  named   Jose   Antonio 

Acuna  and  marched  off,  leaving  Acuna  with  his  countrymen. 

This  man  had  lived  with  the  Apaches  for  years,  and  upon  regaining 
his  freedom  returned  to  Sonora  and  raised  an  excitement  by  declaring  that 
somewhere  between  the  Salt  and  the  Puerco  rivers  there  existed  a  large 
deposit  of  pure  lead,  from  which  the  Indians  obtained  their  bullets.  The 


72  Treasure  Land. 

Mexicans,  knowing  that  lead  is  never  found  in  a  pure  state,  decided  that 
the  deposit  was  silver,  and  organized  a  grand  expedition  under  the  leader- 
ship of  Gen.  Carrasco.  Over  500  men  started  from  Ures,  but  Carrasco  dy- 
ing, he  was  succeeded  by  Tapia.  The  party  followed  Acuna  into  the  heart 
of  the  Apache  country,  but  when,  according  to  Acuna,  they  were  a  few 
miles  only  from  the  deposit,  they  were  attacked  by  Indians  and  driven  back. 

These  mining  excitements  were  not  confined  to  the  Mexicans.  The  re- 
ports reached  California,  and  American  adventurers  tried  to  reacii  the  fabu- 
lous silver  deposits. 

Under  date  of  July  9,  1851,  a  Mexican  reported  to  his  government  that 
"Tucson  is  invaded  by  forty-eight  Americans  from  California,  and  (500  men 
are  on  the  way.  Owing  to  the  ravages  of  the  cholera,  there  are  only  twenty 
able  men  in  Tucson,  and  not  many  more  in  Santa  Cruz." 

In  August  Americans  were  reported  from  Tubac  and  Magdalena;  300 
upon  the  left  banks  of  the  Colorado  and  Gila  rivers,  and  another  party  en- 
camped between  Santa  Cruz  and  Tucson.  These  Americans  appear  to  have 
become  sick  and  discouraged,  and  before  the  end  of  the  year  had  disap- 
peared. 

In  1855  an  official  return  gave  Tubac  a  population  of  249,  and  Tucson 
760. 

The  average  business  man  who  invests  in  mines,  either 

HOW  It  IS  ^OI  P^easure  or  Profit,  occasionally  makes  a  mistake  and 

gets  neither.     Perhaps  he  ought  to  keep   to  what   he 

Done.  understands,  but  as  this  is  asking  too  much,  we  take  the 

liberty  of  making  a  few  suggestions  that,  if  followed,  will 

assist  him  to  lose  his  money  in  the  least  possible  time. 

When  you  have  purchased  a  mine  that  is  guaranteed  to  pay  from  the 
grass  roots,  invest  your  money  freely,  as  grass  is  a  certain  sign  of  richness, 
and  a  bald-headed  mine  shows  barrenness. 

If  the  grass  has  been  eroded  by  the  operation  of  nature  or  the  cattle, 
and  your  expert  refers  to  a  ledge  and  recommends  development,  you  should 
order  a  milling  plant  immediately.  See  that  the  power  is  twice  as  much 
as  you  require,  as  you  will  have  to  either  double  your  capacity  after  run- 
ning a  week  or  quit  the  business. 

In  selecting  a  superintendent,  engage  the  services  of  a  bright  commer- 
cial traveler  or  office  man;  in  default  of  these  hunt  up  a  retired  army  chap- 
lain or  superannuated  preacher.  If  you  get  an  experienced  man  he  will 
insist  that  he  knows  more  than  you  do  and  give  you  no  end  of  trouble. 

After  ordering  your  mill  and  engaging  your  superintendent,  erect  some 
elegant  office  buildings  and  residences,  so  that  when  you  visit  the  property 
you  can  have  some  comfort. 

As  most  of  your  mining  will  be  done  in  the  office  of  the  superintendent, 
see  that  this  is  well  furnished  with  champagne  and  other  solvents.  If  you 
have  selected  the  right  man,  this  detail  may  be  left  to  him. 

After  spending  upon  these  preliminaries  about  three  times  as  much  as 
you  expected  to  invest,  send  a  few  men  up  to  the  mine.  If  they  find  that 
the  ore  has  disappeared,  or  that  there  is  only  enough  of  it  to  run  a  coffee- 
mill,  conclude  that  you  have  been  swindled  and  get  even  by  cussing  the 
country. 

In  1852,  Dr.  Thome  and  a  party  of  seven  men  were  rc- 
»  turning  East  from  California  by  the  southern  overland 

route,  and  were  captured  by  the  Apaches  near  Maricopa 
Good  Opening.  Wells.  Only  himself  and  a  man  named  Brown  were 

spared,  and  Brown  disappeared  soon  after  they  reached 
the  Apache  country. 


Treasures  of  Wealth.  73 

The  doctor  practiced  011  the  Indians  for  a  long  time,  and  as  his  profes- 
sional services  were  highly  valued,  they  refused  to  part  with  him.  While 
his  party  was  camped  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Salt  river,  he  went  out  hunting 
with  two  boys,  and  one  of  them  picked  up  a  large  nugget  of  gold  from  the 
bare  bedrock  in  a  wash  west  of  some  small  red  hills.  The  doctor  affected 
an  unconcern  that  he  did  not  feel  and  took  close  observation  of  the  sur- 
rounding country,  in  order  to  identify  the  place  if  he  ever  obtained  his 
freedom. 

After  a  variety  of  thrilling  experiences  he  was  able  to  abandon  his 
practice  among  the  Apaches  and  located  in  Socorro,  N.  M.,  whence  he  titled 
out  and  led  two  expeditions  to  find  the  gold  deposit.  They  were  both  un- 
successful, the  country  appearing  to  be  full  of  small  red  hills,  and  the  iu- 
lirmities  of  age  prevented  him  from  making  any  further  attempts.  Many 
men  have  since  searched  for  the  golden  treasures,  but  as  they  have  nut 
yet  been  found,  they  are  still  open  for  location. 

Coal,  Marble,         Mr-  Chas.  T.  Connell,  Tucson's  city  recorder,  has  been  in 

,  -        .  the  territory  seventeen  years,  and  his  faith  in  its  future 

has  never   wavered.     While  superintendent   of  a  large 

Metals.  mine  in  the  Saginaw  district,  nine  miles  from  Tucson,  he 

had  an  opportunity  to^study  the  mineral  character  of  this 

section.    He  believes  that  right  around  Tucson  is  one  of  the  greatest  min- 

eral belts  in  the  country.    He  is  part  owner  of  one  of  the  finest  marble 

quarries  in  the  county,  about  twelve  miles  from  the  railroad.    The  grade  is 

superior,  and  it  can  be  extracted  clear  in  blocks  of  almost  any  size.    It  sup- 

plies the  marble  works  in  Tucson,  but  capital  is  needed  for  extensive  de- 

velopment.    In  company  with  Mr.  Alex.  McKay,  he  made  the  first  discov- 

eries of  coal  in  the  Santa  Rita  mountains,  a  few  miles  from  the  railroad. 

Experts  pronounce  it  of  good  quality,  and  it  only  awaits  capital  to  develop 

it.    Oil  shale  is  also  found  in  these  mountains,  and  the  Whetstones,  also  a 

fine  quality  of  fire-clay,  but  those  who  make  these  discoveries  are  not  in 

touch  with  capital,  and  development  is  retarded. 


The  Discovery      TQe  discovery  of  the  Silver   King  mine,   whose  almost 

,  ...  fabulous  richness  first  attracted  attention  to  the  mineral 

resources  of  Southern  Arizona,  has  been  a  favorite  theme 

Silver  King1.        for  romancers.    We  are  not  going  to  add  a  new  version, 

bxit  merely  desire  to  state  that  we  did  not  discover  it,  and 

do  not  know  who  did.    The  first  persons,  however,  to  attach  themselves  to 

it  to  any  advantage  were  four  farmers  living  near  Florence,  in  Final  county, 

named  Reagan,  Copelaud,  Mason  and  Long.    They  had  already  discovered 

copper  in  the  Globe  district,  and  were  therefore  regularly  in  the  business. 

For  this  reason  we  are  of  the  opinion  that  the  Silver  King  did  not  discover 

them. 

Copeland  and  Long  sold  out  to  their  partners  for  $80,000,  under  the 
impression  that  the  mine  was  too  good  to  last,  but  this  amount  was  made 
from  the  net  profits  in  less  than  six  months.  Then  Charlie  Mason  weakened 
and  sold  his  interest  to  Col.  James  M.  Barney,  of  Yuma,  for  $250,000.  At 
this  time  the  first-class  ores  assayed  $8,000  to  $20,000  per  ton,  and  were 
shipped  to  San  Francisco  by  way  of  Yuma.  Soon  after,  Reagan  began  to 
suspect  the  mine  had  a  bottom  to  it,  and  sold  out  to  Barney  for  $300,000. 

Col.  Robt.  Williams  reached  Final  just  as  this  deal  was  consummated 
and  opened  an  hotel.  His  was  the  first  substantial  building  erected  outside 
of  those  belonging  to  the  Silver  King  company,  but  as  the  permanency  of 
the  mine  was  demonstrated,  other  buildings  were  erected.  The  company's 
pay-roll  seldom  fell  below  $40,000  per  month,  and  the  camp  was  prosperous 
until  the  decline  in  silver  and  the  scarcity  of  ore  in  the  mine  caused  a 
cessation  of  work  and  the  practical  abandonment  of  the  camp. 


74  Treasure  Land. 

Among  the  colonel's  stories  is  one  that    illustrates    the 

The  DavS  Of          methods  employed  to  boom  mining  stock  in  Silver  King 

y  and  Comstock  days,  where  there  was  a  live  superintend- 

76.  ent  at  one  end  of  the  line  and  skilful  financiers  at  the 

other. 

The  Seventy-Six  mine  was  located  near  enough  to  the  Silver  King  mine, 
in  Final  county,  to  have  some  savor  of  goodness  in  the  eyes  or  a  gullible 
public,  but  industrious  and  expensive  excavations  produced  nothing  but 
"holiness;"  in  fact,  as  the  colonel  expresses  it,  "there  wasn't  a  smell  of  ore." 
If  the  company  couldn't  get  ore  there  was  nothing  but  common  sense  to 
prevent  them  from  procuring  a  mill,  and  a  five-stamp  plant  was  erected  to 
grind  out  hope  for  the  stockholders.  But  even  hope  failed,  and  the  super- 
intendent was  called  upon  to  cooperate  with  the  directors  of  the  Seventy-Six 
company  to  get  them  out  of  the  hole. 

Copeland  had  sold  out  his  interest  in  the  Silver  King  to  Mason  and 
Reagan,  but  retained  possession  of  the  dump,  from  which  all  the  $20,000 
ore  had  been  selected  and  shipped.  When  he  had  sorted  this  over  again  to 
his  own  satisfaction,  he  sold  the  rest  of  the  dump  to  four  Frenchmen  for 
$1,000,  and  they  also  found  fine  pickings;  then  two  of  them  bought  out  the 
others  for  $10,000,  and  still  had  a  small  fortune  left.  The  superintendent 
of  Seventy-Six  saw  the  possibilities  of  this  dump,  and  proposed  to  the 
owners  to  run  the  balance  of  the  ore  through  his  mill  at  so  much  per  ton, 
the  bullion  to  be  marketed  through  his  company.  As  the  ore  was  now  too 
low  grade  for  shipment,  they  readily  agreed,  and  the  stock  market  was 
soon  impressed  with  the  fact  that  the  Seventy-Six  was  turning  out  bullion 
at  the  rate  of  several  bars  a  day,  and  without  stopping  to  investigate  the 
question  of  ownership,  the  public  made  such  a  rush  for  stock  that  it  went 
up  to  $7.50  a  share.  Of  course,  it  wasn't  worth  the  smallest  fraction  of  a 
cent,  but  this  was  not  discovered  until  the  inside  stockholders  and  the  su- 
perintendent had  unloaded. 

The  mill  was  afterwards  sold  to  the  Silver  King  company,  but  "the 
hole  was  too  deep  for  a  grave  and  not  long  enough  for  a  well." 

To  succeed  in  mining  you  must  not  only  possess  the 
A  Miner  MUSt  necessary  means,  but  what  is  commonly  called  grit— the 

courage  to  go  ahead  in  the  face  of  discouragement,  and 
Have  Grit.  often  contrary  to  the  dictates  of  experience.  We  recall 

several  notable  successes  which  would  have  been  fail- 
ures but  for  the  grit  of  the  owners  of  the  properties.  Mr.  Gage  spent 
$50,000  on  the  Grand  Central,  at  Tombstone,  and  advised  the  owners  to 
stop  work,  as  there  wTas  nothing  there,  but  they  insisted  on  doubling  tin? 
loss  or  finding  a  mine.  The  mine  was  found  at  an  additional  expense  of 
$5,000.  The  Colorada,  at  Minas  Prietas,  Sonora,  absorbed  $140,000  and 
about  all  the  faith  of  the  owners,  but  one  of  them  insisted  on  making  the 
loss  an  even  $150,000,  and  a  few  feet  more  work  opened  up  a  body  of  ore 
that  yielded  $7,000,000  in  two  years.  The  writer  once  led  a  forlorn  hope 
in  a  mine  that  had  "petered  out"  and  been  condemned  by  half  a  dozen 
experts.  He  drove  a  few  feet  into  the  hanging  wall  and  struck  the  true 
vein,  and  approved  the  judgment  of  those  who  persisted  in  finding  a  mine 
there. 

A  pile  of  waste  dirt  and  rock,  with  perhaps  a  sprinkling 
The  Deserted  °^  ore'  *s  ^oun(^  a*  tne  entrance  of  every  hole  in  the  hill 

intended  for  a  mine.  In  some  cases  the  hole  was  aban- 
Dump.  doned  because  it  did  not  come  up  to  expectations;  in 

others,  because  the  owners  found  it  rich  enough  to  quar- 
rel over,  or  if  a  company  enterprise,  the  corporate  courage  gave  out  before 
the  ore  came  in.  There  is  nothing  so  forcibly  impresses  the  mind  of  a 


Treasures  of  Wealth. 


75 


novice  in  mining  as  a  massive  dump  with  a  good  hole  attachment.  Many 
people  are  so  fastidious  that  they  won't  look  at  a  dump  they  haven't  pulled 
out  themselves.  Hence  the  prevalence  of  dumps!  A  large  dump  looks  like 
business  and  proves  the  existence  of  a  hole  somewhere.  Every  atom  of  the 
weather-stained  pile  represents  a  bead  of  perspiration  and  a  dissipated 
dollar;  it  is  typical  of  amalgamted  toil,  crushed  hope  and  lixiviated  faith; 
of  long  store  accounts  and  dishonored  drafts.  Hope,  faith,  means,  energy 
and  labor  transformed  into  a  sad-eyed,  silent  dump!  Everything  is  gone 
but  the  dump  we  sit  upon— everything  but  the  hole  here,  and  the  caving 
walls  will  soon  sit  upon  that! 

"And  the  brawny  prospector  will  come 
And  swear,  from  the  top  of  that  stump, 

In  a  soft,  solemn  way,  as  he  thinks 
Of  the  suckers  that  fathered  this  dump!" 


Pi  MA  COCXTY  OFFICERS: 


1.    M.  G.  Samaniego,  Supervisor. 
'A.    R.  X.  Leatherwood.  Sheriff. 
">.    C.  F.  Hoff,  Treasurer. 


2.    T.  D.  Satterwhite,  District  Attorney. 
4.    F.  G.  Hughes,  Clerk  Supervisors. 
6.    J.  S.  Wood,  Probate  Judge. 


7.    C.  A.  Shibell,  Recorder. 


76  Treasure  Land. 

To  a  person  familiar  with  the  powerful  machinery  used  in 

the  large  machine  shops  in  the  East,  the  plant  established 

Gold  in  Tucson  by  local  enterprise  will  appear  insignificant,  but 

Producers  Jt  ^  nevertneless'   as  complete   in   its  way  as  any   in   the 

country.     Every  modern  appliance  has  been  adapted  to  the 

requirements    of    the    miners    and    farmers    of    this    section 

by  the  enterprising  firm  of  Gardiner,   Worthen  &  Goss,  who  are  all  practical 

mechanics  and  well  acquainted  with  the  local  needs. 

As  much  of  their  trade  is  with  mining  concerns,  they  are  close  observers 
of  the  progress  of  this  industry.  They  note  increased  development  and  some 
wonderful  gold  discoveries.  As  a  bullion  producer  the  Oro  mine,  south  of 
Tucson,  is  making  a  reputation;  large  bodies  of  rich  ore  have  been  un- 
covered lately,  but  the  company  is  a  close  corporation  and  figures  are  not 
accessible.  The  Mohawk  gold  mines,  in  the  Santa  Catalinas,  are  producing 
steadily,  and  the  adjacent  Mammoth  property  is  expected  to  start  up  soon 
with  a  200-ton  daily  milling  capacity. 

In    his   capacity    as    resident   agent   of    The    Singer    Sewing 

Machine   Company,   Mr.   Theo.   G.   Fitch   travels   extensively 

Activity  in  in  Southern  Arizona  and  on  the  west  coast  of  Mexico,  and 

Mining1.  nas  unusual  opportunities  for  marking  the  progress  of  the 

sections  tributary  to  Tucson.     Never  in   the  history  of  the 

country  has  there  been  so  much   activity    in   mining   or  so 

much  confidence  in  the  future.     There  is  a  constant  demand  for  meritorious 

properties,    and   this  circumstance   has   encouraged   prospectors    to  work   with 

unaccustomed    energy,    with    the    result   of   uncovering   rich    mineral    deposits 

hitherto  unsuspected.     The  influx  of  capital  into  this  region  is  unprecedented, 

and    investors    appear   to    be,    generally,    well-satisfied    with    the   outlook,    and 

many  of  them  are  making  money.     The  facilities  here  for  successful  mining 

exceed   those  of  any  other  mineral  section,    and   the   time  is   not   far   distant 

when  Southern  Arizona  will  take  rank  where  it  belongs. 

Mr._    and    Mrs.    Lewis    D.    McLain,    of   Pueblo,    Colo.,    have 
been  spending  the  season  in  Tucson,   and  are   enthusiastic 

TUCSOn  Beats  over  its  incomparable   climate.     Having  spent  several  win- 

Them  All.  ters  in  Mexico>   Cuba,  the  Bahamas,   Florida  and  other  re- 

sorts,  they  feel  that  they  are  able  to  judge  of  the  relative 
merits   of   these    places,    and   their   verdict    is    that    Tucson 
beats  them  all. 

Mr.  McLain  claims  that  if  it  was  generally  known  in  the  Eastern  states 
what  a  combination  of  advantages  Tucson  possesses  in  the  way  of  altitude; 
little  irrigation,  hence  practically  no  humidity;  dry,  bracing  air;  fine  drives 
and  mountain  scenery,  we  would  need  several  additional  hotels  and  hun- 
dreds of  cottages  to  accommodate  visitors. 

But   this  country    has    more    than    climate.     The    wonderful 
TT  mineral   resources    will    attract    mining   men    and   investors 

from  all  over  the  country,    for  here   are  some  of   the  best 
Something  More       gold,  silver  and  copper  prospects  in  the  world. 
Than  Climate.  Mr.    McLain    has    been   for   years   largely    interested    in 

Colorado  mines,  and  was  among  the  first  to  realize  the 
possibilities  of  Cripple  Creek.  He  saw  its  population  increase  in  a  few  years 
from  200  to  40,000,  and  believes  that  this  section,  with  proper  development, 
will  show  up  properties  that  will  equal  anything  yet  discovered  in  Colorado. 

He  believes  the  erection  of  a  large  smelter  here  would  pay  a  handsome 
interest  on  the  investment. 

As  a  proof  of  his  confidence  in  the  faith  that  is  in  him,  he  has  made 
several  investments  in  mines  during  his  stay,  and  expects  to  return  early 
next  fall  to  Tucson  and  take  a  more  active  interest  in  the  development  of 
her  mineral  resources. 


Treasures  of  Wealth. 


SOME   OF    THE    DEPAIiTMEXTS    OK   STORE    OK    L.    /KCK  EXDOKK    A:    Co. 


The  Dynamics 

of 
Business. 


It  is  a  law  of  physical  dynamics  that  bodies  attract  in 
proportion  to  their  mass,  and  this  law  prevails  to  a  great 
extent  in  the  business  world.  The  merchant  seeks  a  mar- 
ket for  his  purchases  where  immense  stocks  are  carried, 
and  his  choice  is  unfettered  by  any  limitation  but  that  of 
his  own  credit..  No  matter  how  favorably  situated  a  place 
may  be,  it  .can  not  control  trade  unless  its  merchants  are  in  a  position  to 
meet  every  demand  made  upon  them.  Tucson  is  no  more  favorably  situated 
than  several  other  points  in  Southern  Arizona,  but  the  appreciation  of  the 
•dynamical  law  referred  to  has  given  it  control  of  the  trade  of  this  section. 
Our  merchants  realize  the  nature  of  their  supremacy,  and  the  visitor  who 
has  not  closely  considered  the  conditions,  marvels  at  the  immense  stocks 
of  merchandise  they  carry.  The  maintenance  of  this  tenure,  however,  de- 
pended for  years  upon  one  firm  exclusively,  and  to  their  capital  and  enter- 
prise must  be  imputed  its  present  existence. 

The  origin  of  the  firm  of  L.  Zeckendorf  &  Co.  dates  from  1854,  but  the 
present  establishment  was  founded  fourteen  years  later.  For  over  twenty 
years  it  has  been  under  the  immediate  management  of  Mr.  Albert  Steinfeld, 
the  resident  partner,  to  whose  energy  and  ability  is  due  the  prosperity  of 
the  house  and  its  present  high  reputation  for  enterprise  and  integrity.  The 
senior  partner,  Mr.  Louis  Zeckendorf,  resides  permanently  in  New  York,  and 
handles  the  Eastern  business  of  the  house. 

The  Tucson  establishment  is  located  on  the  corner  of  Pearl  and  Main 
streets,  and  comprises  two  large  stores,  one  85x188  feet,  with  basement  de- 
voted to  general  merchandise,  and  the  other  65x150  feet,  wherein  is  kept  the 
largest  stock  of  furniture,  carpets,  etc.,  in  the  Territory.  Besides  these  two 
immense  structures,  the  firm  has  a  large  warehouse  at  the  railroad  depot.  The 
business  of  the  firm  is  not  confined  to  merchandising;  it  buys  and  sells 
hides,  makes  advances  on  ore  consignments  and  transacts  a  general  bank- 
ing and  agency  business. 

Its  importations  are  made  direct  from  manufacturers  in  carload  lots, 
and  it  has  the  exclusive  handling  for  Southern  Arizona  of  some  of  the 
most  reputable  brands  of  poods.  The  smaller  merchants  find  it  to  their 
advantage  to  purchase  from  them  in  preference  to  ordering  direct,  and  as 


78  Treasure  Land. 

Tucson  is  made  a  distributing  point  by  the  Southern  Pacific  company,  a  large 
wholesale  and  jobbing  trade  is  transacted  with  tributary  towns. 

The  management  of  such  an  extensive  business  calls  for  executive 
ability  of  the  highest  order  and  the  employment  of  able  subordinates,  and  by 
judicious  selection  and  fair  treatment  the  firm  has  gathered  a  corps  of  as- 
sistants unequalled  in  the  country. 

Mr.  Steinfeld  is  assisted  in  the  management  by  Mr.  Hugo  J.  Donau,  one 
of  the  brightest  young  business  men  in  the  Territory,  whose  experience  covers 
every  department  and  gives  him  a  ready  grasp  of  every  situation. 

The  ofHce  is  in  charge  of  Mr.  Frank  B.  Wightman,  head  bookkeeper;  Mr. 
Adolph  Steinfeld,  'assistant;  Thos.  A.  Legarra,  bill  clerk,  and  Miss  Clara 
Evans,  cashier,  all  first  class  people  and  experts  in  their  positions. 

Mr.  Frank  H.  Lee  is  in  charge  of  the  wholesale  grocery  department  and  is 
probably  as  well  posted  on  freight  rates  as  any  man  in  the  country. 

The  retail  grocery  department  is  superintended  by  Mr.  R.  J.  Adams,  an 
experienced  man,  who,  during  the  short  time  he  has  been  with  the  firm 
has  proved  himself  a  valuable  acquisition. 

The  hardware  department,  wholesale  and  retail,  is  in  charge  of  Mr.  J. 
H.  Caister,  formerly  resident  territorial  agent  for  The  Simmonds  Hard\v:n« 
Company,  of  St.  Louis. 

Mr.  A.  Allande,  with  a  corps  of  assistants,  has  supervised  the  lar?,r< 
wholesale  dry  goods  department  for  many  years,  and  his  knowledge  of  the 
business  and  treatment  of  the  patrons  of  the  house  has  done  much  to 
accredit  it. 

The  retail  department  is  handled  by  Mr.  Henry  S.  Campbell,  one  of  the 
best  salesmen  and  managers  in  the  West.  He  makes  semi-annual  trips  to 
the  East  to  select  seasonable  novelties,  and  since  his  connection  with  the 
firm,  the  ladies  of  Tucson  have  had  no  occasion  to  send  elsewhere  for  their 
gowns  in  order  to  be  fashionable. 

Mr.  A.  J.  Fink  has  charge  of  the  notions  and  millinery  department,  as- 
sisted by  Miss  Millie  Katzenstein. 

Mr.  Fernando  E.  Aguilar  has  been  in  the  firm's  employ  for  fifteen  years, 
advancing  step  by  step  until  he  is  now  the  head  of  the  gents'  furnishing 
department. 

Mr.  Vic.  Hanney  has  charge  of  the  clothing  department,  and  handles  the 
largest  and  best-selected  stock  in  the  territory. 

Mr.  Harry  Drachman  is  a  native  son  of  the  southwest,  and  was  the 
first  American  child  born  of  American  parents  in  Tucson.  He  has  been  with 
the  firm  for  thirteen  years  and  has  charge  of  the  shoe  department,  for 
which  he  has  established  such  a  reputation  for  fair  dealing  that  the  L.  Z.  & 
Co.  brands  of  shoes  are  accredited  all  over  the  territory.  He  is  also  city 
treasurer  and  a  prominent  member  of  the  Knights  of  Pythias. 

The  business  of  these  departments  is  all  transacted  under  the  one  roof, 
and  the  facilities  surpass  anything  found  outside  of  the  largest  emporiums 
in  the  country.  The  visitor  who  surveys  the  busy  scene  from  the  balcony 
that  extends  along  three  sides  of  the  interior  will  hardly  credit  the  evidence 
of  his  senses,  and  imagines  himself  in  one  of  the  largest  department  stores 
of  New  York.  Twenty-five  clerks  are  constantly  moving  about,  attending 
to  the  wants  of  customers  or  putting  up  orders,  while  the  packing  room 
in  the  rear  presents  one  of  the  busiest  scenes  imaginable. 

Leaving  the  main  store  and  crossing  Pearl  street,  we  reach  the  furniture 
department,  presided  over  by  Mr.  Ed.  W.  Bowers,  one  of  the  most  ex- 
perienced furniture  men  in  the  country,  who  came  here  originally  for  his 
health.  His  "stock  is  not  only  the  largest  in  the  Territory,  but  the  best- 
selected,  everything  being  new  and  of  the  very  latest  design.  His  orders 
come  direct  from  the  leading  factories  in  carload  lots,  and  he  is  able  to 
defy  competition.  He  keeps  a  force  of  upholsterers  constantly  employed,  and 
his  trade  extends  over  Southern  Arizona  and  Sonora. 


A  LAND  or  BEEE 

AS  WELL  AS  BULLION. 


SIERRA  BONITA  RANCH:    Home  Ranch  and  Cattle. 


THE  STOCKMAN. 

Without  a  care  to  irr  inkle  In's  hmir, 

He  ri<(es  o'er  flu'  mesas  t/reen  and  broirn  : 

Anil  if  he  fli  ink*.  'tis  l»  ironder  liotr 
.^onie  people  can  lire  iti  a  loirn  .' 


h'or  the  Ktncknuiii'N  lift1  in  <i*  irihl  and  free 
AN  a  hinf'x.  «*  In1  ski  nix  o'er  the  f/mx.s//  sen  : 
And  he  rides  or  rests,  at  his  oirn  street  trill. 
\Vliile  the  lieere*  t/rotr  fatter  on  />/din  and  hill. 


80  Treasure  Land. 

A  Land  Of          TUG  Question  of  beef  supply  has  been  a  leading  one  from 

f  TIT  11  time  immemorial  and  previously.  It  has  lost  none  of  its 
Keel  as  Weil  importance,  and  while  we  do  not  propose  to  devote  so 
as  Bullion.  much  attention  to  it  in  the  future  as  at  present,  we  note 
the  fact  that  it  is  an  important  industry  and  a  very  profit- 
able one.  For  the  present,  and  until  tile  land  is  required  for  agricultural 
purposes,  about  one-half  of  Arizona's  area  can  be  used  for  grazing  lands 
of  superior  quality.  The  climate  of  Southern  Arizona  is  peculiarly  favor- 
able both  to  the  healthful  development  and  inexpensive  care  of  animals, 
and  they  are  here  exempt  to  a  large  extent  from  the  numerous  diseases 
with  which  they  become  afflicted  in  most  parts  of  the  country. 

Cattle,  sheep  and  horses  are  of  the  improved  breeds,  and  progress  has 
been  continually  made  in  this  direction. 

The  development  of  the  artesian  water  supply  and  the  erection  of  sur- 
face wells  and  windmills,  the  conditions  for  which  seem  most  favorable, 
will  render  the  whole  extent  of  our  grazing  lauds  available. 

Alfalfa  flourishes  here  as  it  does  nowhere  else,  and  the  fattening  of  cat- 
tle and  hogs  on  the  farms  has  become  a  most  profitable  business. 

There  were  shipped  from  the  territory  during  the  past  fiscal  year, 
ending  June  30,  189(5,  220,583  head  of  cattle,  which,  at  an  average  value  of 
$12.50  per  head,  gave  a  return  of  $2,757,287.50. 

When  the  military  posts  established  under  the  Spanish 
The  First  ru^e  *°  Pr°tect  *ne  northern  frontier  of  Mexico  were 

abandoned,  after  the  revolution,  the  bloody  Apache  in 
Graziers.  the  west,  and  the  warlike  Comanche  in  the  east,  overran 

the  country.  Prior  to  this  time  the  country  lying  in  what 
is  now  Pima  county  was  celebrated  as  one  of  the  finest  stock  ranges  in 
Mexico.  The  ranches  belonging  to  the  Elias  family,  of  Arispe,  who  were 
wealthy  graziers,  carried  more  than  100,000  head  of  cattle,  and  branded 
yearly  from  25,000  to  30,000  head  of  calves;  all  of  which  were  swept  away, 
together  with  the  stock  of  the  other  ranches  on  the  San  Pedro  and  the 
Santa  Cruz,  by  the  Apaches,  between  the  years  1830  and  1840.  The  ranches 
were  abandoned,  the  rancheros  seeking  shelter  in  the  nighboring  presidios 
and  pueblos  of  Tucson,  Tubac  and  Santa  Cruz,  where  they  maintained  a 
doubtful  defense  against  the  savages. 

StOCk  Raisin?  Tne  facilities  afforded  by  nature  for  the  growing  of 
horses,  cattle  and  sheep  in  Pima  county  are  equal,  if 
fa  not  superior,  to  those  of  any  other  portion  of  the  United 

Pima  County.  States.  Its  mild  and  delightful  climate,  its  extensive 
ranges,  and  the  variety  of  feed  which  they  contain  con- 
tribute to  this. 

Experience  shows  that  cattle  thrive  under  the  tropical  heat  of  the  sum- 
mers, while  the  mildness  of  the  winter  climate  is  exceedingly  well  adapted 
to  the  growth  and  development  of  stock.  The  entire  absence  of  blizzards 
and  snow  storms  makes  the  ranges  peculiarly  valuable.  It  is  not  necessary 
to  store  feed  for  winter  use,  thus  avoiding  the  expense  of  cutting,  hauling 
and  storing  the  enormous  quantities  of  hay  necessary  for  the  maintenance 
of  large  herds  in  less  favored  sections  of  the  country. 

In  order  that  cattle  may  thrive,  it  is  necessary  that  they  have  large 
tracts  of  unoccupied  laud  upon  which  to  graze.  The  raising  of  large  herds 
in  limited  enclosures  has  been  found  not  only  expensive,  but  practically 
impossible.  Pima  county  being  as  yet  sparsely  populated,  furnishes  ranch- 
men wide  .and  extensive  ranges  for  their  stock.  With  mountain  and  rolling 
hills  on  the  one  hand,  and  forest  and  grassy  plains  on  the  other,  the  advant- 
ages for  breeding  are  superior. 

Our  ranges  afford  a  great  variety  of  feed  for  stock,  but  they  may  be 
classed  into  the  general  heads,  grasses,  browse  and  cacti. 


A  Land  of  Beef  as  Well  as  Bullion.  81 

There  are  a  great  many  species  of  grasses.  They  may  be  subdivided 
into  two  classes— seed  and  root  grasses.  Seed  grasses  are  those  which  come 
from  the  seed  after  the  rainy  seasons,  and  of  these  there  is  a  great  variety. 
While  they  are  still  green  and  tender  they  make  excellent  feed  for  stock, 
and  when  they  mature  their  seed  is  exceedingly  fattening.  Under  this  sub- 
head, too,  must  be  considered  the  countless  varieties  of  weeds  which  are 
produced  by  the  winter  rains,  and  which  make  very  fine  feed,  especially 
when  they  come  into  seed.  Root  grass,  in  addition  to  growing  from  the 
seed,  also  sprouts  from  the  roots,  and  lives  throughout  the  year,  and  is 
very  valuable  for  stock  purposes. 

The  value  of  browse  as  feed  for  stock  can  not  be  overestimated.  In 
fact,  without  it  stock,  and  especially  cattle,  do  not  seem  to  do  well.  The 
trees  which  furnish  this  browse  are  the  "raesquite,"  "palo  verde,"  "tesota," 
"binorama,"  which  grow  on  the  bottoms  and  rolling  mesas,  and  many 
scrub  plants  of  the  foothills  and  mountain  sides.  Each  one  of  these  pro- 
duces first  a  blossom  and  then  either  a  berry  or  a  bean,  both  of  which  are 
greatly  relished  by  stock.  The  flower  and  bean  of  the  "mesquite,"  "palo 
verde"  and  "tesota"  are  particularly  nourishing  and  fattening,  and  when 
they  are  in  season  stock  prefer  them  to  all  other  kinds  of  food. 

Cacti  are  a  growth  peculiar  to  tropical  climates.  They  are  very  abund- 
ant in  Pima  county,  and  include  a  great  number  of  species.  For  stock  pur- 
poses, however,  the  principal  kinds  are  the  Tuna  and  the  Cholla.  Both  of 
these  are  very  thorny  species,  and  to  one  who  has  not  seen  it,  it  seems  im- 
possible that  anything  with  flesh  and  feeling  could  eat  it.  However,  when 
the  sprigs  are  young  and  tender,  cattle  will  travel  miles  to  get  them. 

The  great  variety  of  feed,  and  the  fact  that  these  are  constantly  succeed- 
ing each  other,  throughout  the  year,  in  their  seasons  of  maturity,  are  the 
chief  and  peculiar  advantages  which  ranges  in  Pima  county  offer  for  the 
raising  of  stock. 

The  natural  increase  of  cattle  equals  that  of  the  most  favored  section 
of  the  range  area.  Ninety  and  9b  per  cent,  is  not  unusual  when  the  max- 
imum number  of  bulls  is  kept.  This  is  owing  to  the  perfect  climate  and 
extreme  healthfulness  and  purity  of  the  air.  The  loss  from  all  sources  is 
estimated  not  to  exceed  3  per  cent,  yearly,  and  epidemic  diseases  are  un- 
known. No  part  of  the  United  States  can  produce  cheaper  beef  than 
Arizona,  and  none  brings  more  profit  to  the  cattlemen.  On  the  broad  plains 
and  rich  pastures  of  Southern  Arizona  fortunes  are  awaiting  men  of 
energy  and  enterprise.  The  vast  stretches  of  rich  pasture  land  will  yet  be 
utilized  and  covered  with  thousands  of  cattle. 

While  vicious  acts  of  cattle  do  not  often  materialize,  the 
The  Perils  Of  inexperienced  cowboy  occasionally  receives  a  lesson  in 

prudence,  as  the  following  incident  will  show: 

Branding.  "The  operation  of  branding  proceeded  as  usual,  one 

man  roping  the  animal  from  his  horse  and  dragging  it 
into  the  side  corral  (or  enclosure),  another  casting  and  tying,  while  a  third 
branded,  ear-marked  and  castrated. 

"The  man  to  whom  had  been  assigned  the  work  of  branding  had  oc- 
casion to  step  into  the  main  corral  at  the  moment  that  a  throw  of  the  lasso 
had  caused  a  commotion  among  the  cattle  gathered  there,  and  the  herd 
rushed  towards  him. 

"Taking  it  for  granted  that  they  would  pass  to  one  side  of  him.  as  they 
had  done  before,  he  paid  little  heed  to  them,  but  one  vicious  heifer,  who 
had  already  given  some  trouble,  became  frantic  and  furious,  and  seeing  a 
man  on  foot,  she  bounded  towards  him  with  frothing  mouth  and  lashing 
tail.  He  did  not  observe  her  until  she  was  upon  him,  and  then  his  danger 
paralyzed  him.  His  strength  forsook  him  and  the  iron  in  his  hand  fell  from 
his  nerveless  grasp.  There  was  no  hope  of  escape,  and  he  felt  himself 
falling  when  he  was  jerked  upward  from  the  ground  and  lost  consciousness. 


82  Treasure  Land. 

"When  he  recovered  he  learned  that  one  of  his  companions  had  been 
quick  to  notice  his  peril  and,  seeing  that  nothing  could  be  done  to  stop  the 
brute's  furious  onslaught,  had  lassoed  him  in  a  flash  and  hauled  him  out  of 
the  line  of  danger." 

You  can  not  very  well  do  it  if  you  travel  in  Arizona  ex- 

KeCD  Off  the          tensively,   especially   in   the   southern   section.     At   this 

^  season  of  the  year  (spring)  we  have  more  different  kinds 

Grass.  of  grasses  than  any  country  on  earth,  and  they  grow  as 

if  it  was  their  only  opportunity.     For   range    purposes, 

however,   we  count   only  on   eleven  different  indigenous  and   acclimated 

plants  that,  curing  on  the  stalk,  without  cutting  or  other  attention  at  the 

hand  of  man,  comprise  the  great  bulk  of  our  valuable  fattening  food  for 

range  stock.    The  following  is  a  list  of  the  plants  referred  to: 

Sporobulus  wi'ightii  (Sacaton  grass)— This  grass  is  found  principally  in 
the  valleys,  reaches  the  height  of  eight  or  nine  feet,  grows  some  all  the  year. 
but  very  rapidly  after  July  rains,  and  blooms  in  September.  It  is  very 
hardy,  stands  a  great  deal  of  pasturing,  but  is  readily  killed  out  by  fire. 
It  grows  both  from  seed  and  the  roots;  is  hard  to  mo\v  on  account  of  grow- 
ing tussocks,  but  makes  excellent  hay  when  cut  early. 

Chloris  alba — An  annual  grass  growing  largely  in  swales  where  there 
is  rich  soil,  frequently  overflowed.  It  has  a  large  proportion  of  seed,  much 
sought  after  by  stock,  and  produces  a  large  quantity  of  foliage,  making 
excellent  food.  It  is  in  some  parts  called  Crowfoot  graina. 

Bouteloua  oligostachya  (blue  grama,  mesquite  grass)— This  grass  is 
the  main  reliance  of  range  stock  in  Arizona,  and  it  is  eaten  by  them  in 
preference  to  any  other.  Cut  for  hay  at  the  period  of  its  growth  when  the 
seed  has  just  passed  the  milk  stage,  it  is  very  nutritious.  Horses  used 
every  day  keep  in  good  flesh  when  fed  upon  it  exclusively.  It  cures  better 
on  the  stalk,  retaining  more  of  its  substance,  and  lasts  longer  into  the  fol- 
lowing year  than  any  other  range  grass.  It  is  not  readily  tramped  out. 
stands  droughts  well,  and  on  ranges  where  it  has  apparently  disappeared 
because  of  droughts  and  overstocking  comes  again  when  rains  are  plentiful. 

Aristida  (white  grama) — The  Mexicans  call  this  grass  chino,  or  the 
curly  grama.  It  is  to  all  appearances  the  same  as  the  blue  grama,  and  is 
about  the  same  for  food  for  stock  on  the  range,  but  there  is  much  less  of  it. 
It  is  distinguished  from  the  blue  by  a  white  flowering  head. 

Bouteloua  polystacJiya  (low  grama  grass)— Grows  rank  on  the  edges  of 
ponds  and  where  the  water  stands  for  a  month  or  more  during  and  after 
the  rainy  season,  also  along  slow-running  streams.  It  is  also  found  on 
many  varieties  of  soil,  both  on  the  mesas  and  on  the  prairie.  It  has  the  fat- 
tening properties  of  all  the  grama  grasses. 

Buchloe  (lactyloldes  (buffalo  grass) — This  grass  furnishes  a  great 
amount  of  feed,  makes  more  of  a  sod  than  any  other  range  grass,  and  is 
valuable  next  after  the  grama.  It  is  evenly  and  closely  eaten  by  stock,  and 
grows  from  the  seed  and  from  the  offshoots,  as  does  Bermuda  grass. 

Hilaria  James  II.  (Galleta  or  black  bunch  grass)— While  not  considered 
a  first-class  grass,  is  valued  on  account  of  being  exceedingly  hardy,  with- 
standing great  drought;  does  not  tramp  out;  iv.akes  good  hay  when  cut  in 
season;  certain  soils  seem  to  much  improve  its  nutritive  qualities. 

Festuca  (pine  bunch  grass)— Found  throughout  all  the  pine  woods  region 
of  Arizona;  is  valued  very  highly  as  winter  range  feed  and  makes  fair 
hay,  but  not  as  good  as  the  grama  grasses. 

Atriplex  (white  sage)— Very  valuable  in  Northern  Arizona,  where  the 
snow  often  falls  to  a  depth  to  cover  the  most  of  the  summer  grasses;  stock 
at  such  times  live  and  thrive  upon  this  plant,  which  grows  on  the  order  of 
a  small  bush  or  shrub. 


A  Land  of  Beef  as  Well  as  Bullion.  83 

Erodimn  (alfilaria)— This  is  a  plant  native  of  California,  brought  in  the 
first  instance  in  the-  wool  of  flocks  of  sheep  to  the  territory;  found  to  do 
very  well  in  the  lower  plains  of  Southern  Arizona;  is  very  fattening  and 
is  highly  valued  as  a  spring  food,  starting  with  very  little  rain  and  before 
any  of  the  native  grasses. 

Medicaffo  sativa  (alfalfa)— This  plant  is  called  in  different  portions  of  the 
world  French  clover,  Spanish  trefoil,  Brazilian  clover,  Chilean  clover, 
medick,  and  lucerne.  It  is  being  cultivated  in  all  parts  of  the  United 
States,  but  it  no  part  floes  it  surpass  the  growth  attained  here  on  the  irri- 
gated lands.  It  furnishes  food  equally  valuable  for  all  kinds  of  stock,  both 
green  and  dry,  and  as  a  forage  plant  is  invaluable  to  the  stockmen  of  the 
territory.  It  is  of  very  ancient  origin,  having  been  cultivated  in  Greece 
flve  hundred  years  before  the  Christian  era. 

Future  We  make  the  following  extract  from  the  Governor's  Re- 

-  ..  a  r  „«.+!-          P°rt  for  1895: 
01  me  Lame  »In  1883  it  was  believed,  and  this  belief  continued  for 

Industry.  a  number  of  years,  until  in  the  '90s,  that  the  production 

of  beef  was  below  the  actual  demand  for  consumption— 
that  is,  that  the  percentage  of  population  was  increasing  faster  than  the 
percentage  of  beef.  Prices  fell,  however,  in  spite  of  theories,  and  contin- 
ued to  fall.  Cattle  men  in  every  section  of  the  country  charged  this  condi- 
tion of  affairs  to  the  large  beef  packers  of  Chicago.  The  government  was 
induced  to  look  into  it;  senate  committees  investigated  exhaustively,  and 
all  interested  watched  closely.  The  result  attained  was  that  the  packers 
only  followed  the  rule  of  all  commercial  men— bought  when  they  could 
get  the  cheapest  and  sold  when  their  product  commanded  the  best  price. 
In  fact,  the  charges  against  them  were  not  proven.  Arizona  cattle  men 
suffered  in  common  with  all  others  from  the  depressed  condition  of  affairs, 
but  a  much  better  feeling  pervades  the  community,  since  it  is  believed  that 
overproduction  caused  the  low  prices.  The  cattle  men  have  regulated  their 
expense  to  meet  their  incomes.  They  now  feel,  because  of  substantial  ad- 
vance in  prices  received  this  year  and  the  assurance  of  good  range  feed  for 
some  years  to  come,  that  their  business  is  in  a  better  condition  than  it  has 
been  for  a  long  time  past.  With  proper  home  legislation  and  governmental 
compliance  with  their  just  requests,  there  is  every  reason  to  hope  that  the 
dark  days  of  depression  are  over.  All  our  range  men  who  can  are  increas- 
ing their  holdings.  Quite  a  number  of  Northern  cattle  men  have  been  buy- 
ing stocked  ranges  in  Arizona,  seeing  that  a  turn  in  the  business  for  the 
better  is  near  at  hand. 

"The  question  is  often  asked,  'How  long  will  the  range  business  last?' 
John  J.  Clay,  Jr.,  who  concededly  stands  at  the  head  for  his  intimate 
knowledge  of  range  conditions  in  every  part  of  America  from  the  earliest 
days  of  ranching  on  the  plains  to  the  present  time,  and  whose  success  is 
phenomenal  as  an  all-around  cattle  man  from  the  range  to  the  great  Chi- 
cago market,  where  he  stands  easily  first,  adding  weight  and  value  to  what 
he  says,  answers  this  question  in  his  Live  Stock  Report,  as  follows: 

"  'That  is  easily  answered.  It  is  here  to  stay,  probably  on  different  con- 
ditions, but  it  is  a  part  and  parcel  of  our  American  agriculture.  It  is  a 
means  to  an  end.  That  end  is  beef  or  mutton,  and  as  long  as  the  plains 
and  mountains  exist,  with  present  climatic  conditions,  so  will  ranching.  It 
will  be  our  great  reservoir  from  which  we  can  draw  an  endless  number  of 
cattle  and  sheep,  some  of  them  fat,  but  most  of  them  only  feeders.  Fences 
will  increase,  meadows  watered  by  mountain  streams  will  be  more  numer- 
ous, but  there  will  still  remain,  whether  surrounded  by  barbed  wire  or  not, 
a  vast  pastoral  region  which  can  only  be  used  as  a  grazing  ground. 

"  'Life  in  the  West,  whether  it  be  by  some  quiet  stream  that  meanders 
through  the  plains  or  under  the  shade  of  a  snow-capped  mountain,  will  al- 


84  Treasure  Land. 

ways  have  an  attractive  side.  The  air  is  pure,  the  climate  fine,  and  there 
is  a  freedom  about  it  which  compensates  more  or  less  for  the  sweets  of  civ- 
ilization. 

"  'Families  grow  up  in  Spartan  simplicity,  adapting  themselves  to  the 
circumstances  surrounding  the  frontier,  but  they  are  silently  building  up. 
with  cattle  and  sheep,  with  spade  and  shovel,  by  school  and  teacher,  a  great 
empire  which  thrives  on  the  arts  of  peace  and  the  sinew  of  the  worker. 

"  'In  the  distance  I  see  the  wild  and  woolly  cowboy  gradually  trans- 
formed into  a  quiet,  unassuming  citizen,  with  his  homestead,  meadow  and 
grazing  lands,  taking  no  chances  except  those  which  nature  seems  to  pro- 
vide in  every  clime  and  country. 

"  'The  work  of  revolution  has  begun,  and  the  cattle  on  a  thousand  hills 
will  have  hundreds  of  owners,  who  will  improve  their  quality  as  well  as 
provide  a  greater  quantity.'  " 

First  Dr'  J*  A'  Monk>  of  124^  S.  Spring  street,  Los  Angeles, 

has  the  most  complete  library  of  Arizona  literature  in 

Impressions          the  country,  and  to  him  we  are  indebted  for  the  fol- 

of  Arizona          lowing: 

I  took  my  first  glimpse  of  Arizona  in  the  spring  of 
1884,  and  was  so  much  impressed  by  what  I  saw  that  it  has  had  me 
fascinated  ever  since. 

I  entered  the  territory  by  Stein's  pass  on  the  Southern  Pacific  rail- 
road, and  stopped  at  Bowie  station,  near  which  place  I  spent  several 
weeks  on  a  cattle  ranch. 

Just  before  reaching  San  Simon  station  in  the  San  Simon  valley, 
there  was  pointed  out  to  me,  from  the  car  window.  San  Simon's  Head. 
in  the  Chiricahua  mountains.  It  is  a  perfect  profile  of  a  man's  head 
in  repose,  facing  the  sky.  Nearby  towers  a  noble  butte,  called  Helen's 
Doom,  which  received  its  name  from  a  tragedy  that  happened  many 
years  ago,  when  an  army  officer's  daughter  threw  herself  from  its  sum- 
mit to  certain  death  in  order  to  escape  a  more  horrible  fate  at  the 
hands  of  pursuing  Indians. 

At  its  base  winds  Apache  pass,  notorious  in  early  days  for  the  large 
number  of  murders  committed  by  the  Apaches  under  their  great  leader, 
Cochise,  when  overland  travel  to  the  Pacific  was  made  by  stage  over 
the  Butterfield  route. 

In  a  cluster  of  hills  midway  of  the  pass  nestles  Fort  Bowie,  which 
was  established  late  in  the  '60's  for  the  protection  of  travelers  and 
settlers,  and  has  witnessed  many  a  hard-fought  battle  with  the  Indians 
who  infested  that  region. 

Upon  the  opposite  slope  stands  bold  Dos  Cabezas,  whose  giant  double 
head  of  solid  granite  is  a  conspicuous  landmark  over  a  wide  scope  of 
country. 

Next  comes  Railroad  pass,  which  was  named  by  Lieut.  J.  G.  Parke 
in  1885  on  account  of  its  easy  grade  and  facility  for  railroad  construc- 
tion. It  is  a  fine  cattle  range  and  its  broad  meadows  of  the  nutritious 
grama  grass  is  the  feeding  ground  for  the  herds  of  the  Pinaleno  ranch. 

From  the  pass,  in  a  southwesterly  direction,  can  be  seen  the  rocky 
pinnacles  of  Cochise's  stronghold  in  the  Dragoon  mountains,  where  tho 
doughty  Apache  chief  had  his  favorite  rendezvous  for  many  years,  and 
into  which  place,  when  closely  pressed,  he  invariably  retreated  for  safety. 

High  above  the  surrounding  country  majestic  Mt.  Graham  roars  its 
pine-crested  head  at  an  elevation  of  nearly  11,000  feet  above  the  sen 
level. 

Everything  was  new  and  entirely  different  from  anything  that  I  had 
seen  before.  The  landscape  was  strangely  fascinating:  mountains 
bounded  the  horizon  in  every  direction,  and  a  veil  of  purple  haze  softened 
every  object  in  sight. 


A  Land  of  Beef  as  Well  as  Bullion.  85 

One  year  prior  to  my  visit,  my  brother,  Judge  E.  R.  Monk,  located 
Pinaleno  ranch  in  Railroad  pass  and  stocked  it  with  cattle.  It  was  iu 
the  height  of  the  cattle  boom,  when  a  scrub  Mexican  cow  and  calf  de- 
livered on  the  range  cost  $30.  To  make  such  a  start  was  risky  business, 
not  only  because  of  the  high  prices  of  cattle,  but  also  on  account  of 
frequent  raids  that  were  made  by  hostile  Indians,  when  ranchmen  were 
killed  and  the  stock  driven  off.  However,  the  venture  proved  a  success, 
and  after  many  years  of  vicissitude,  such  as  are  incident  to  the  stock 
business,  the  M.  O.  K.  outfit  still  occupies  its  old  range. 

The  drive  to  the  ranch  was  delightful,  being  about  ten  miles  out,  and 
reached  by  a  road  that  skirted  the  Dos  Cabezas  mountains.  Being  a 
new  range  there  was  an  abundance  of  grass  everywhere  and  the  cattle 
fared  sumptuously.  Riding  the  range  daily  with  the  cowboys,  inspecting 
the  cattle  and  watching  their  playful  antics  but  gave  me  the  desired 
opportunity  to  see  the  country  in  detail  and  enjoy  my  outing  to  the 
fullest  extent. 

Old  Indian  trails  were  numerous,  and  abandoned  mescal  pits  showed 
where,  in  days  gone  by,  the  Apaches  had  camped  and  feasted  on  mescal 
and  pinole.  Railroad  pass  was  at  one  time  a  favorite  haunt  of  the  Apaches, 
and  even  as  late  as  the  date  of  my  visit  there  was  enough  danger  from 
raiding  Indians  to  make  life  exciting. 

In  the  previous  winter.  Gen.  Crook  had  driven  the  Apache  chief, 
Juh,  and  his  renegades,  into  Mexico,  where  after  an  unusually  hard 
campaign  he  captured  them  in  the  Sierra  Madre  mountains.  They  were 
brought  back  to  their  reservation  at  San  Carlos  and  put  to  work  raising 
mnin  instead  of  lifting  scalps.  The  last  contingent  of  about  thirty 
prisoners,  with  their  guards  and  herds  of  horses  and  cattle,  crossed  our 
range,  and  their  fantastic  appearance  was  an  amusing  sight  to  a  tender- 
foot, particularly  as  the  Indians  were  harmless. 

One  of  my  first  acquaintances  was  Col.  H.  C.  Hooker, 
^i>rra  Rnnita  and  since  theu  *  have  often  enjoyed  his  genial  hospi- 
tality. He  is  the  proprietor  of  the  Sierra  Bonita  ranch, 

Ranch.  which  is  the  most  valuable  ranch  property  in  the  ter- 

ritory.  It  is  located  in  Sulphur  Spring  valley,  twenty- 
two  miles  north  of  Wilcox  and  ten  miles  south  of  Fort  Grant.  He  has 
••in  ideal  ranch  home,  which  is  a  large,  commodious  house,  built  in  the 
Spanish  style  and  elegantly  furnished  with  all  the  latest  modern  im- 
provements. In  the  midst  of  his  interesting  family  and  surrounded  by 
friends,  he  is  fixed  to  enjoy  the  evening  of  his  life  in  contentment  and 
plenty.  He  is  a  New  Hampshire  man  and  went  to  Arizona  and  settled 
in  his  present  location  in  1863.  He  owns  a  large  tract  of  land,  which  is 
all  under  fence,  and  he  has  spent  much  time  and  money  in  experimental 
farming.  I  saw  as  heavy  grass  and  grain  growing  on  his  place  as  ever 
grew  anywhere.  His  herds  consist  of  Durham  and  Hereford  thorough- 
bred and  high-grade  cattle,  which  command  the  highest  market  price. 
His  horses  are  equally  good,  and,  indeed,  he  is  only  satisfied  when  he 
has  the  best  of  everything. 

He  has  lived  in  Arizona  for  thirty  odd  years  and  has  had  the  ex- 
perience of  all  pioneers  in  settling  up  a  new  country.  He  has  been  in 
great  peril  from  the  Indians  and  he  told  me  that  in  that  time  he  has 
had  forty  men  killed  by  them.  He  has  also  lost  much  stock,  which  loss, 
though  caused  by  the  Indians,  the  government,  even  at  this  late  day, 
has  failed  to  make  good. 

The  regular  force  of  employes  numbers  twenty-five,  all  the  best 
men  in  their  lines,  and  the  rate  of  wages  runs  from  $30  to  $75  per  month 
and  board.  Mr.  Hooker  believes  in  securing  the  best  of  everything,  in- 
cluding help,  and  adherence  to  this  principle  has  brought  him  the  success 
that  now  crowns  his  efforts. 


86 


Treasure  Land. 


To  this  principle  must  also  be  attributed  the  perfection 
of  his  herds,  which  by  judicious  selection  of  strains, 
Cattle  StOCk.  al'ter  careful  experiment  with  each,  has  made  his  brand 
a  guarantee  of  perfection.  He  experimented  with  Dur- 
ham and  other  breeds  and  finally  adopted  the  Hereford 
on  account  of  its  superior  quality  as  a  grass  feeder.  In  1881  he  pur- 
chased 220  head  of  registered  bulls  from  T.  L.  Miller,  of  Beecher,  111., 
for  $30,000,  then  the  largest  importer  of  Herefords  in  the  United  States. 
New  blood  has  been  constantly  added  since,  and  he  now  has  the  finest 
herd  in  the  country.  His  grass-fed  steers  average  from  twelve  hundred 
to  fourteen  hundred  pounds  and  command  the  highest  market  price.  The 
records  of  the  English  market  show  that  grass-fed  Herefords  bring  the 
same  price  as  grain-fed  Durhauis,  and  his  experience  has  demonstrated 
the  fact  that  they  ought  to.  They  not  only  thrive  on  grass,  but  have 
better  "rustling"  qualities  than  any  other  breed,  and  can  be  depended 
upon  to  hold  flesh  when  common  cattle  on  the  same  range  run  to  bone 
and  horn. 


Stock 
Breeding 


During  the  spring  of  1897,  3,500  head  of  cattle  have 
been  shipped  from  the  range,  including  300  young  bulls 
amj  1(000  cows  to  Eastern  markets  for  breeding  pnr- 
poses,  all  bringing  the  highest  market  prices. 

It  would  be  strange  if  a  progressive  man   like   Mr. 

Hooker  remained  contented  as  a  meat  purveyor  for  the  Eastern  market 
with  one  of  the  best  breeding  ranges  in  the  world  about  him.  On  his 
property  all  the  very  best  teatures  of  the  Hereford  breed  are  brought 
out,  and  this  fact  so  impressed  itself  upon  him  that  he  realized  that  a 
demand  for  stock  cattle  from  less  famed  sections  of  the  country  would 
arise  as  soon  as  it  became  known  that  he  could  meet  it. 

This  he  is  now  prepared  to  meet,  and  the  time  is  not  far  distant  when 
the  Sierra  Bonita  strain  will  become  distinctive  in  the  market. 

As  intimated  in  the  beginning,  the  impressions  that  were  made  on 
my  first  visit  to  Arizona  were  deep,  and  the  interest  then  awakened  has 
not  diminished,  but  has  increased  with  each  subsequent  trip.  Its  at- 
tractions are  many  which,  if  described  in  detail,  would  fill  a  large  book. 
It  contains  great  natural  wealth  which  in  time  is  destined  to  make  it 
one  of  the  richest  commonwealths  of  the  Union. 


OCCIDEXTAL  HOTEL,  TuCBOX.— Cattlemen's  Headquarters. 


A  Larul  of  Beef  an  Well  as  Bullion. 


87 


FEUEBAL,  OFFICERS: 

1.  W.  K.  Meade,  U.  S.  Marshal.  4.    J.  D.  Breathitt,  U.  S.  Special  Agent. 

2.  Geo.  J.  Roskruge,  Surveyor  General.  5.    E.  R.  Monk,  Receiver  Land  Office. 

3.  C.  DeGroff,  Postmaster.  6.    E.  J.  Trippel,  Register  Land  Office. 


The  Rodeo. 


Fortunes   are   made  by    taking   advantage   of   opportunities, 
but  the  most  successful  men  are  those  who,  by  the  exercise 
of  good  judgment  and  the  judicious  use  of  a  little  money, 
make     their     own     opportunities.    Some     men     waste     their 
energies  sitting  around  hotel  offices  and  waiting  for  a  good 
thing  to  come  along,   while  others  hunt  up  the  good  things 
or  make   them.     Tucson    is,   just   now,    a   field   for   endeavor   and   offers   more 
opportunities  for  enterprising  men  than   any  town  in  the  country,   and  people 
of  this  stamp  realize  it  at  once. 

Messrs.  Breathitt,  Trippel  &  Proctor  are  gentlemen  who  combine  all  the 
essentials  of  success,  and  as  cattle,  real  estate  and  mining  brokers  and  In- 
surance agents,  they  are  not  only  going  to  meet  opportunities,  but  make 
them.  They  have  means  and  the  confidence  of  their  clients;  are  in  touch 
with  the  markets,  and  their  strictly  honorable  and  advanced  business 
methods  place  them  in  the  front  rank.  Their  offices  are  the  handsomest  in 
the  city  and  the  personale  of  the  firm  guarantees  hospitable  treatment  for 
their  patrons.  Col.  J.  B.  Breathitt  is  widely  known  as  special  agent  of  the 
general  land  office,  and  prior  to  this  he  was,  for  six  years,  a  prominent 
member  of  the  Missouri  board  of  railroad  commissioners,  and  served  as 
district  attorney  of  Saline  county.  Hon.  E.  J.  Trippel  came  here  in  1884, 
and  is  a  son  of  the  late  Alex.  Trippel,  the  well  known  mining  expert.  He 


88  Treasure  Land. 

has  occupied  many  important  public  positions  with  us,  having  been  deputy 
collector  of  customs,  member  of  the  legislature  and  register  of  the  United 
States  land  office.  Hon.  F.  B.  Proctor  is  a  practical  stock  raiser  who  has 
also  served  us  in  several  public  capacities  which  proved  his  quality. 

This  firm  is  a  combination  of  ability  that  can  not  be  equaled,  and  with 
such  favorable  conditions  as  now  exist,  they  are  certainly  on  the  road  to 
fortune. 

Brady  &  Levin  are  the  cattle  dealers  of  the  territory,  their 
operations  extending  over  the  whole  of  it.  They  have 
contracts  made  for  spring  delivery  for  28,000  head  of  cattle, 

Thoroughbreds.  and  coui<i  handle  more,  but  stock  raisers,  in  view  of  the 
great  demand  and  rising  prices,  prefer  to  hold  for  better 
figures.  They  report  that  all  the  ranges  are  in  superb 
condition,  cattle  looking  well,  and  their  owners  full  of  confidence.  The  price 
of  cattle  has  almost  doubled  in  the  last  few  years  and  is  still  going  up,  and 
everyone  in  the  business  will  make  money.  This  firm  also  handles  real 
estate  and  mines,  and  insurance  business,  and  note  that  property  owners 
show  no  inclination  to  sell,  but  hold  the  land  at  fair  prices.  The  demand  is 
good,  principally  for  residences.  Both  these  gentlemen  are  home  products 
of  a  quality  we  are  proud  of.  Their  fathers  were  pioneers  and  their  sons 
are  carrying  forward  the  banner  of  progress  and  winning  a  reputation  for 
themselves  as  sound  business  men  and  good  fellows. 

The  Hon.  W.  K.  Meade  followed  the  star  of  empire  in  1S71, 

and    engaged    in    mining    in    Southern    Arizona.      He   vividly 

Quite  recalls    the    halcyon    days    when    silver    was    king    and    the 

Characteristic.         mines  were  pouring  out  their  wealth  of  gray  treasure,  and 

hopes  to  see  them  return. 

He  represented  Final  county  in  the  legislature  in   1879, 

and  Pima  county  in  1881;  in  1885  he  was  appointed  United  States  marshal  for 
Arizona,  and  reappointed  in  1893.  He  was  World's  Fair  commissioner,  by 
appointment  from  President  Harrison  in  1892,  and  resigned  to  accept  the 
marshalship. 

.We  do  not  know  how  Judge  J.  S.  Wood  came  to  be  called 

"Honest  John,"  but  we  can  understand  wherefor,  for  with 

.  the    exception    of    one    term    as    county    treasurer,    he    has 

Honest  JOnn.  occupied    the    office    of    probate    judge    and    county    school 

superintendent  of  Pima  county  since  1874.  He  is  getting 
along  in  years,  but  is  still  full  of  vigor,  and  wants  to  see 

some  more  improvements  before  he  dies.     He  believes  we  need  better  water 

works  and  a  complete  sewerage  system,  and  he  is  right. 

The  judge  is  ably  assisted  by  his  deputy,   S.   W.  Purcell,   Esq.,   a  lawyer 

of  no  mean  ability. 

Among  our   successful    business   men   are   several   who    are 
our    own    boys,    educated    in    our    public    schools.      One    of 
It  IS  Not  in  them   is    Mr.    W.    E.    Felix,    who   served    his    apprenticeship 

Alaska.  with  L.  Zeckendorf  &  Co.  before  founding  one  of  the  finest 

retail  dry  goods  stores  in  Tucson.  Being  an  all-around 
business  man,  his  views  on  business  matters  merit  atten- 
tion, and  it  is  inspiring  to  hear  him  speak  of  our  future  prospects.  He  refers 
with  much  amusement  to  an  incident  in  his  last  trip  to  New  York  to  lay 
in  his  summer  stock.  He  found  that  many  intelligent  people  were  under  the 
impression  that  Tucson  was  somewhere  in  Alaska,  which  tends  to  show  the 
necessity  for  some  judicious  advertising. 


THE  FARMERS  PARADISE 

OP  LAND  AND  WATER. 


ORCHARD  NEAR  TUCSON. 


^4  niggard  soil  and  unfaithful  sky 
Breaks  the  farmer's  back  as  the  years  go  by, 
The  uncertain  crops,  and  the  interest  day 
That  never  fails,  make  his  hair  turn  gray. 

But  our  fruitful  soil,  and  our  sunny  skies, 
Fill  up  his  soul  with  glad  surprise ; 
/•'(//•  his  ditches  ntn  full  in  the  driest  years, 
And  In'  laughs  at  flic  sAyy.  and  has  no  fears. 


90  Treasure  Land. 

A  Word  When  the  Eastern  farmer  takes  into   consideration  all 

the  hardships  and  privations  of  his  existence;  the  eon- 

10  ine  eastern      stant  toil,  poor  compensation,  enforced  economy  and  the 

Farmer.  sufferings  from  winter's  frosts  and  summer's  heat,  he 

must  surely  come  to  the  conclusion  that  he  lot  is  indeed 
a.  hard  one.  His  life  is  one  of  constant  drudgery  and  his  accumulations 
of  years  aggregate  a  very  small  sum  indeed.  Now  mark  the  difference 
by  which  Ijke  industry  is  rewarded  in  Southern  Arizona.  His  manifold 
crops  during  the  year  exceed  four-fold  that  of  his  Eastern  farm,  and  the 
market  price  received  is  more  than  double,  while  the  labor  involved  is 
no  greater.  His  yearly  return  represents  fully  eight  times  as  much  as 
that  from  his  eastein  farm,  while  his  ordinary  living  expenses  do  not 
largely  exceed  those  prevailing  there.  Besides  this  immense  pecuniary 
gain  he  enjoys  the  benefit  of  a  genial  and  healthful  climate  where  his 
years  of  life  will  be  prolonged  aud  his  ability  for  enjoyment  largely  en- 
hanced by  the  natural  conditions  that  surround  him  here.  His  fruit 
trees  mature  more  rapidly  aud  bear  wonderfully  prolific  crops,  and  :i 
thousand  other  advantages  are  offered  him.  Such  facts  as  these  a  in- 
sufficient to  induce  a  very  desirable  class  of  immigrants  to  come  to  this 
country  to  till  the  soil  and  make  it  blossom  and  bear  a  golden  harvest. 

The  most  permanent  population  is  the  farmer,  and  from  the  faun 
comes  the  most  steady  stream  of  wealth;  it  is  the  resource  of  the  life 
and  existence  of  the  people,  for  without  bread  no  people  can  live,  and 
this  must  be  supplied  from  the  soil,  and  the  planting  of  farms  in  Arizona 
is  the  encouragement  of  permanent  wealth  and  steady  prosperity  and 
the  retaining  at  home  the  vast  volumes  of  money  which  is  drained  by 
the  foreign  market  that  supply  our  mining  regions  with  breadstuffs  and 
other  products  of  the  soil.  Farm  life  in  Arizona  can  be  made  the  mosi 
profitable  and  charming  of  any  place  in  the  United  States,  and  when 
this  becomes  known  generally,  there  will  be  a  large  immigration  of 
home-seekers  to  this  region,  but  we  must  render  our  lands  available  for 
farming.  This  requires  capital,  and  the  press  must  be  the  prime  factor 
in  this  work.  With  population  and  wealth,  statehood  Avill  follow  as  a 
matter  of  course. 

Alfalfa  is  one  of  the  most  nutritious  pasture  and  hay 

A  Farmer's  plants,  and  reaches  perfection  in  this  congenial  climate; 

from  three  to  five  crops  may  be  harvested  in  a  single 

Paradise.  year,  yielding  from  two  to  five  tons  of  cured  hay  per 

acre    at    each   cutting,    and    upon    this   crop    the   range 

cattle  are  fattened  for  the  slaughter  and  stock  hogs  are  grown,  while  a 

large  quantity  is  baled  and  shipped  out  of  the  territory. 

Barley,  wheat,  rye,  oats  and  corn  yield  abundantly.  Most  of  the 
wheat  is  converted  into  flour  for  local  consumption,  and  barley  forms 
the  staple  grain  for  live  stock. 

It  was  thought  at  one  time  that  potatoes  could  not  be  grown  in  Arizona, 
but  this  fallacy,  like  many  others,  agricultural  and  otherwise,  has  faded 
before  the  light  of  experience.  Large  quantities  of  excellent  tubers  are 
raised,  and  in  Southern  Arizona  planting  and  harvesting  succeed  each 
other  almost  continuously  throughout  the  year. 

Sorghums,  both  sweet  and  non-saccharine,  are  extensively  grown  for 
live  stock  food.  Tobacco  of  fair  quality  is  grown  in  the  country  adjacent 
to  Tucson,  and  this  is  preferred  in  some  cases  to  the  imported  article. 
Recent  experiments  at  the  university  show  that  many  improved  varieties 
thrive  here  and  may  be  made  an  important  farm  crop. 

The  conditions  which  serve  to  perfect  the  conditions  for  agriculture, 
contribute  in  a  more  marked  degree  to  the  successful  carrying  on  of 
horticultural  pursuits. 


The  Farmer's  Paradise  or  Land  and  Wdti-r.  91 

The  apricot  leads  in  acreage  under  cultivation  and  quantity  of  fruit 
produced,  but  the  bright  sun  and  congenial  climate  seem  particularly 
litted  for  the  production  of  highly  colored  and  luscious  peaches,  and  the 
[•each  grown  here  is  of  superior  size  and  quality. 

Grapes  for  the  table,  for  raisins,  and  for  the  manufacture  of  wine  are 
grown  cheaply  and  in  abundance  and  of  the  very  best  quality  in  the 
vicinity  of  Tucson. 

Pomegranates  are  so  common  and  grow  so  lustily  that  they  are  used 
for  hedges. 

In  elevated  localities  apples  of  splendid  quality  and  large  size  are 
produced  and  the  trees  are  very  prolific. 

The  mesas  and  foothills  have  been  found  well  adapted  to  the  growth 
of  the  orange,  and  the  fruit  has  been  pronounced  equal  in  size  and 
flavor  to  any  imported  from  California. 

The  fig  tree  is  found  in  every  garden,  and  few  of  our  busy  house- 
wives neglect  to  keep  up  a  good  store  of  delicious  fig  preserves. 

There  is  a  great  future  for  the  almond.  The  trees  grow  well,  are 
prolific,  come  into  bearing  early  and  the  nuts  can  be  placed  upon  the 
market  when  there  is  the  the  most  demand  for  them. 

Strawberries  are  raised  in  abundance  for  home  consumption,  and  their 
flavor  surpasses  that  of  the  California  product.  No  attempts  have  been 
made  to  raise  blackberries  for  market,  but  these  no  doubt  would  do  well. 

We  have  the  finest  assortment  of  vegetables  all  througn  the  year,  and 
produce  the  largest  and  best-flavored  melons  in  the  world.  We  simply 
plant  the  seed,  supply  the  water  and  the'  climate  does  the  rest. 

Sweet  potatoes  and  yams  yield  large  crops,  while  cabbages,  beans, 
peas,  lettuce  and  onions  thrive  amazingly. 

The  peanut  plant  is  prolific  in  sandy  soils,  but  has  not  been  tried 
extensively. 

What  a  There   is   nothing  equal   to   personal   experience   to   es- 

P  .  tablish  a  fact,  and  the  following  statement,  written  by  a 

rarmer  IS  practical  farmer,  carries  conviction    in    every    line.      It 

Doing.  was  not  solicited  by  us,  but  we  offer  it  as  one  instance 

out   of   many    that   substantiate   our   claim   that    Pima 

r-ounty  offers  better  inducements  to  the  farmer  than  any  other  part  of 

the  country: 

"The  day  is  not  very  distant  in  the  rush  of  American  life  when  the 
remarkable  development  of  Fresno  and  Southern  California  will  repeat 
itself  in  our  beautiful  valleys  of  Southern  Arizona,  and  then  our  friends 
of  the  range  and  horned  cattle  will  experience,  perhaps,  a  similar  sen- 
sation of  astonishment  at  the  changes  which  greet  them  here,  to  be 
mingled  probably  in  a  similar  degree  with  reflections  of  the  incredulity 
which  they  had  felt  at  one  time  that  such  things  could  ever  be. 

"The  same  causes  will  surely  produce  here  the  very  same  results,  and 
no  one  who  has  been  lately  watching  the  signs  of  the  times,  as  pre- 
sented in  the  present  prosperous  condition  of  the  orange  tree  in  the  vicinity 
of  Tucson,  can  help  foreseeing  the  same  wonderful  experience. 

"While  the  triumphs  of  the  southern  section  of  Arizona  will  be  great, 
as  time  goes  tm,  in  producing  the  citrus  and  deciduous  fruits,  it  is  not 
my  purpose  here  to  linger  over  these,  but  I  will  confine  myself  to  what 
can  be  done  in  Pima  county,  from  actual  experience,  in  the  more  humble 
field  of  raising  vegetables.  I  find  our  soil  and  climate  not  only  adapted 
to  all  the  Eastern  vegetables,  but  with  the  aid  of  irrigation,  producing 
vegetables  superior  in  quality  and  quantity  to  those  of  the  Eastern  and 
Central  Western  states.  I  have  successfully  grown  in  my  garden  this 
year,  cabbages,  carrots,  onions,  beets,  celery,  salsify,  tomatoes,  squash, 
green  peas,  asparagus,  cauliflower,  lima  beans,  early  corn,  egg  plant, 


92  Treasure  Land. 

artichokes,  lettuce,  parsnips,  pumpkins,  turnips  and  watermelons  and 
cantaloupes  of  different  varieties  and  of  the  most  delicious  flavor.  It  is 
difficult  to  say  which  vegetable  thrives  best  in  this  portion  of  Arizona. 
The  cauliflower  grows  splendidly  and  surpasses  anything  that  I  have 
ever  seen  in  the  East.  Although  it  is  now  midwinter,  I  have  plants  in 
my  garden  with  large  spreading  heads,  as  white  as  snow,  still  growing 
and  apparently  unaffected  by  the  cold  nights.  The  beet  also  grows  won- 
derfully in  this  country;  they  are  very  large  in  size  and  very  sweet  in 
flavor;  so  well  adapted  to  our  soil  is  this  vegetable  that  I  am  sure  it 
will  be  grown  in  the  early  future  in  Arizona  on  a  large  scale  for  sugar. 
For  this  reason  I  have  watched  its  growth  with  the  greatest  interest,  and 
the  result  is  fully  equal  to  my  most  sanguine  expectations,  and  I  hope 
to  soon  see  a  beet  sugar  factory  established  in  this  county. 

"Lettuce  seems  to  be  our  greatest  vegetable  curiosity.  It  grows  at 
all  periods  of  the  year;  the  coldest  weather  does  not  seem  even  to  affect  it. 
The  wind  scatters  the  seed  and  I  find  it  springing  up  in  the  grass  at 
considerable  distances  from  the  garden.  We  produce  the  plant  in  per- 
fection for  the  tooth,  and  I  have  seen  nothing  to  surpass  it  anywhere. 
Pumpkins  and  squashes  do  well  with  us,  the  former  growing  to  an 
immense  size.  The  white  scalloped  variety  also  grows  here  to  perfec- 
tion. 1  was  surprised  to  see  the  artichoke  and  egg  plant  do  so  well  in 
our  climate.  They  seem  to  be  at  home  here  and  are  very  thrifty,  as, 
in  fact,  are  all  the  vegetables  that  I  have  raised. 

Farmers  from  the  East,  who  are  accustomed  to  cut  a 
Rnw  Alfalfa  single  crop  of  hay  from  their  fields  in  a  year,  are  puz- 

zled and  incredulous  when  told  that  the  soil  of  Arizona 
GrOWS.  gives  from  four  to  eight  crops  of  good  alfalfa  hay,  and 

that  the  same  marvelous  productiveness  continues  year 
after  year.  As  an  instance,  we  cite  the  case  of  one  of  our  farmers,  with 
eight  acres  of  alfalfa.  The  seed  was  scattered  at  the  rate  of  twenty  pounds 
to  the  acre;  a  good  stand  resulted,  and  in  April  the  grass  was  ready  to  cut. 
The  eight  acres  produced  twenty  tons  of  cured  hay,  and  in  the  early  part 
of  June  it  was  cut  again,  the  crop  this  time  being  twenty-four  tons.  On  the 
1st  of  July  the  grass  was  thirty-two  inches  high  and  nearly  ready  for  an- 
other cutting!  The  total  yield  was  168  tons,  and  this  is  not,  by  any  means, 
an  exceptional  instance. 

A  very  superior  grade  of  tobacco  is  raised  in  the  vicinity 

Tobacco  °*-  Tucson,  and  manufactured  by  L.  Zeckendorf  &  Go. 

This  brand  has  become  very  popular,  and  their  factory 

Culture.  has  not  lately  been  able  to  meet  the  demand.    This  firm. 

with  commendable  enterprise,  encouraged  the  raising  of 

tobacco  by  promising  to  utilize  it,  and  now  the  yearly  product  is  several 

tons,  and  the  market  is  always  increasing.     It  is  used  generally  in  this 

section  by  the  Mexicans,  who  prefer  it  to  the  adulterated  mixtures  imported 

from  the  East. 

Experiments  at  the  university  station  show  that  some  of  the  finest 
grades  of  tobacco  can  be  raised  here,  and  there  is  no  reason  why  this  in- 
dustry should  not  assume  larger  proportions. 

Hard  to  Beat        Tne  sut)Ject  of  keet  suSar  production  is  just  now  of  con- 
iu  DC  siderable  interest  to  Southern  Arizona.    It  has  been  satis- 

ill  factorily  demonstrated  that  sugar  beets  can  be  success- 

Beet  Culture  fully  grown  here,  and  it  is  also  a  fact  that  they  contain 
an  unusual  percentage  of  saccharine,  giving  better  re- 
sults than  in  any  other  part  of  the  world.  They  seem  to  reach  the  highest 
perfection  in  the  bright  sunshine  of  Arizona,  while  the  soil  supplies  abund- 
ant nourishment  for  their  growth.  They  are  a  profitable  crop  to  the 


The  Farmer's  Paradise  or  Land  and  Water.  93 

farmer,  and  will  prove  to  be  a  valuable  addition  to  our  industries  \vheu 
sugar  works  are  established  here. 

The  agricultural  experiment  station  of  the  university  has  lately  been 
agitating  the  subject  of  sugar  beet  culture  and  distributing  seeds  to  the 
farmers  throughout  the  territory. 

Prof.  Wm.  Stowe  Devol,  director  of  stations,  has  kindly  furnished  us 
with  the  following  facts  on  the  subject: 

"This  is  par  excellence  the  country  for  sugar  beets.  The  essentials  of 
successful  sugar  beet  culture  are  sunshine,  warmth,  a  proper  amount  of 
water,  with  a  deep  but  only  moderately  rich  soil  of  a  friable  nature— a  mod- 
erately fertile  sandy  loam— and  industry  intelligently  applied.  These  fac- 
tors abound  around  Tucson.  Beets  carefully  grown  here  will  contain  20 
per  cent,  of  sugar,  while  in  Germany,  our  great  competitor,  but  13  per  cent. 
is  obtained.  They  will  not  exhaust  the  soil  in  growing,  for  it  is  well  known 
that  the  sugar  which  is  carried  off  comes  entirely  from  elements  furnished 
by  the  atmosphere. 

"There  is  an  advantage  in  growing  the  sugar  beet  here  that  is  not  pos- 
sessed by  any  other  locality  in  the  world.  The  same  machinery  •  can  be 
utilized  for  the  manufacture  of  beet  sugar  and  the  extraction  of  tannic  acid 
from  canaigre. 

"This  being  the  native  home  of  the  canaigre,  it  can  be  grown  here  as  in 
no  other  place,  and  thus  an  opportunity  is  afforded  for  keeping  the  machin- 
ery in  operation  the  year  round. 

"Canaigre  is  a  winter,  and  the  beet  a  summer-growing  plant,  and  the 
planting  of  the  beet  seed  begins  about  the  time  the  cultivation  of  canaigre 
ceases. 

"Sugar  grown  under  the  conditions  prevailing  here  is  of  the  highest 
quality,  and  leather  tanned  with  canaigre  extract  is  the  best  made,  es- 
pecially for  patent  leather  and  other  high  grades.  There  can,"  therefore,  be 
no  question  as  to  the  future  of  the  sugar  industry  in  this  section. 

Canaigre  is  a  plant,  belonging  to  the  dock  family,  which 
pr«ot  *s  a  nat*ve  °f  Arizona.  Its  astringent  roots  contain  about 

breai  10  per  cent  of  tanning  substance,  and  have  been  used 

Tanning  Plant,  as  medicine  by  the  Indians  and  also  for  the  tanning  of 
leather  by  the  Mexicans.  The  plant  begins  its  growth  in 
the  fall,  under  the  influence  of  cool  weather,  sends  up  its  flowei  trralk  in  the 
spring,  and  dies  back  as  the  hot  summer  weather  comes  on.  The  seeds 
are  mostly  sterile,  the  plant  propagating  itself  mainly  by  means  of  the 
young  roots.  These  roots  somewhat  resemble  sweet  potatoes  in  shape, 
grow  in  clusters,  and  vary  from  a  very  small  size  to  over  two  pounds  in 
weight.  They  live  several  years,  making  their  chief  growth  the  first  sea- 
son, slowly  increasing  each  year  until  they  finally  die. 

The  imiversity  experiment  station,  though  it  has  been  in  operation  but 
six  years,  is  already  widely  known  for  its  work  on  canaigre,  and  as  a 
result  of  the  attention  called  to  the  subject  through  the  station  bulletins, 
the  wild  product  has  been  shipped  to  Eastern  cities  and  Europe.  The  sup- 
ply of  wild  roots  being  limited  and  somewhat  scattered,  this  product  could 
not  be  depended  upon,  and  a  number  of  canaigre  plantations  have  been  es- 
tablished in  Arizona. 

In  this  way  it  is  proposed  to  carry  on  its  cultivation  upon  the  plan  of 
the  beet  sugar  industry,  and,  if  possible,  in  connection  with  it. 

The  commercial  value  of  canaigre  is  now  well  established,  and  the 
qualities  imparted  by  it  to  leathers  are  unexcelled.  The  possibilities  of  a 
crop  so  staple  as  one  used  in  the  production  of  leather  can  hardly  be  over- 
estimated, and  it  requires  less  attention  from  the  farmer  than  any  other 
crop. 

The  efforts  now  being  made  to  demonstrate  paying  methods  of  culture 


94  Treasure  Land. 

are  full  of  promise,  and  it  will  soon  become  a  very  important  addition  to  the 
material  resources  of  Arizona.  The  short  but  interesting  history  of  this 
new  industry  shows  the  value  of  experiment  station  work  in  assisting  the 
development  of  a  new  country. 

Every  once  in  a  while  we  read  in  the  newspapers  that 
The  First  some  pseudo-scientist  has  discovered  the  original  Irish 

potato,  and  a  short-lived  celebrity  is  attached  to  his 
Potato.  name.  The  search  for  the  original  potato  is  really 

wasted  effort,  for  the  article  is  right  here  in  Arizona,  and 
can  be  found  on  nearly  every  hill.  It  is  called  the  cobena,  and  has  been  a 
favorite  vegetable  with  the  Indian  from  time  immemorial.  It  has  a  blue 
potato  flower,  and  the  root  bulb,  though  not  large,  has  the  true  potato 
flavor.  There  is  nothing  of  the  yam  about  it,  and  we  believe  it  was  Prof. 
Lemmon,  the  well-known  botanist,  who  pronounced  it  the  progenitor  of  our 
civilized  vegetable.  This  ought  to  have  settled  it,  but  the  only  way  some 
scientists  can  achieve  distinction  is  to  discover  something  they  have  read 
about. 

There  is  a  probable  advantage  to  be  found  in  the  sugar 
BeetS  and  beet  mdustrv  in  Arizona  that  can  be  found  in  very  feAv 

other  localities  in  the  United  States.  This  is  to  be  at- 
Canaigre.  tained  in  combining  in  one  factory  the  two  industries  of 

manufacturing  sugar  from  the  beet  and  the  extraction  of 
tannic  acid  from  canaigre.  Concerning  this  matter,  Mr.  C.  B.  Allaire,  presi- 
dent and  general  manager  of  The  Tanning  Extract  Company,  at  Deming. 
N.  M.,  who  has  had  more  experience  in  the  extraction  of  tannin  from 
canaigre  than  any  other  individual  in  this  country,  and  has  also  carefully 
studied  the  process  of  sugar  manufacture,  and  whose  opinion  should  there- 
fore have  great  weight,  writes  as  follows: 

"A  large  part  of  a  sugar  factory  could  be  used  for  extracting  tannic 
acid  from  canaigre— of  course  the  boilers,  engine,  pumps,  etc.,  also  the 
root  washers,  with  some  modification;  the  conveyors,  slicers  and  diffusion 
battery,  if  built  of  copper.  When  it  comes  to  the  vacuum  pans,  both  pri- 
mary and  secondary,  some  modification  would  be  necessary.  I  doubt  if  any 
sugar  factory,  already  built,  could  be  adapted  to  extract  without  a  very 
large  expense  for  copper  work  necessary;  but  if  the  manufacture  of  both 
classes  of  goods  was  contemplated  before  the  factory  Avas  built,  it  could  be 
done  at  an  increased  cost  of  not  over  $25,000  for  a  200-ton  factory,  and  in 
my  opinion  there  would  be  no  trouble  in  thoroughly  cleaning  the  apparatus 
so  that  the  sugar  would  show  no  traces  of  color  from  the  extract.  *  *  * 
To  adapt  a  factory  to  both  classes  of  goods,  the  extra  expense  would  not 
be  so  much  in  duplicating  apparatus  as  in  the  substitution  of  copper  for 
iron,  which  would  be  necessary  for  the  tannin  liquors,  where  iron  answers 
every  purpose  for  sugar.  *  *  *  Marketing  the  extract  might  be  trouble- 
some to  people  who  had  experience  in  sugar  only,  and  might  justify  a  sep- 
arate manager  for  that  department,  at  least  until  the  business  was  thor- 
oughly established." 

M.  Sweuson,  of  The  Walburn-Swenson  Company,  manufacturers  of  beet 
sugar  machinery,  Chicago,  writes  respecting  this  matter  as  follows: 

"We  have  made  quite  a  number  of  experiments  here  with  canaigre.  and 
will  say  that  I  think  the  diffusion  battery  and  evaporating  plants  used  in 
a  beet  plant  could  be  worked  all  right  for  canaigre.  I  do  not  think  it  would 
be  necessary  to  use  copper  for  the  diffusion  cells  if  these  are  thoroughly 
painted  with  acid-proof  paint.  You  would  probably  have  to  paint  them  at 
least  every  season.  The  slicer  and  other  machinery  needed  in  the  beet 
sugar  factory  would 'be  equally  available  for  canaigro." 

Others  are  studying  tne  question  and  experimenting  in  the  processes 
with  a  view  of  uniting  the  two  industries  as  suggested  above. 


The  Farmer's  Paradise  or  Land  and  Water.  95 

A  few  years  since  experiments  were  begun  in  California 
Bv-ProdUCt  Of      to  ascertam  the  value  of  beet  pulp  as  a  food  for  dairy 
y  cows.     The  results  have  been  so  satisfactory   that  the 

BeetS.  practice  of  feeding  this  material  to  dairy  cows  has  ex- 

tended very  materially,  and  large  quantities  of  beet  pulp 
are  not  only  fed  at  or  near  the  factories,  but  shipped  by  rail  to  considerable 
distances  for  feeding  dairy  cows.  A  very  important  by-product  is  the 
syrup  remaining  after  the  crystallization  of  the  sugar. 

Ramie  a  There  is  a  growing  demand  for  ramie  fiber,  and  we  are 

P     f .   hip  assured  by  the  director  of  the  Arizona  experiment  sta- 

tion that  he  is  receiving  offers  from  abroad  to  make  cou- 
Crop.  tracts  for  it  in  the  rough  at  $40  to  $50  per  ton. 

Experiments  have  been   made  with  ramie  (rhea)  at 

the  station,  and  the  results  obtained  prove  that  it  can  be  cultivated  here 
commercially,  and  at  the  prices  offered  it  will  be  a  profitable  crop. 

It  is  well  suited  to  our  climate  and  is  the  most  prolific  of  textile  plants, 
yielding  about  250  pounds  of  marketable  liber  to  the  acre.  Rooted  in  fair, 
sandy  soil,  its  shoots  increase  at  the  rate  of  100  annually  for  each  one 
planted.  The  stalks  measure  from  five  to  eight  feet  in  length,  and  yield  a 
fiber  with  the  fineness,  gloss,  and  almost  the  tensility  of  silk. 

The  stems  when  ripe  are  cut  down,  stripped  of  leaves  and  branchlets, 
and,  either  split  or  whole,  are  freed  from  their  cortical  layers  till  the  last 
layer  is  exposed.  In  this  state  they  are  made  up  in  small  bundles  and 
placed  where  they  receive  strong  sunlight,  being  kept  slightly  moist,  for 
several  days,  after  which  the  fibrous  bast  layer  is  peeled  with  ease  off  the 
woody  core,  and  the  separated  fibers  are  then  treated  with  boiling  water 
to  remove  gummy  and  resinous  matter,  and  bleached.  It  comes  into  the 
market,  when  fully  prepared,  as  brilliant  white  filaments,  with  a  fine  silky 
gloss,  having  a  strength,  luster  and  smoothness  unequaled  by  any  other 
vegetable  fiber. 

yije  This  famous  valley  has  been  occupied  by  farmers  for 

centuries,  and  the  evidences  of  this  are  everywhere 
Santa  Cruz  abundant.  Settlements  have  grown  up  and  disappeared, 

Valley  an<^  *nere  *s  n°t  even  historical  connection  between  the 

former  and  present  settlers.  Ruins  of  buildings,  includ- 
ing mining  works,  larger  and  probably  better  than  any  now  occupied,  con- 
stitute the  indisputable  testimony  of  the  comparative  extent  of  the  former 
people  and  their  improvements.  This  testimony  may  be  seen  at  San  Xavier 
and  other  points  near  Tucson.  To  students  and  very  inquisitive  people, 
much  that  we  could  write  in  this  behalf  would  doubtless  be  interesting; 
but  with  the  farmer,  stock-raiser  and  miner,  struggling  along  to  meet  cur- 
rent necessities  with  hopes  of  something  more,  it  would  probably  have  a 
mere  passing  thought,  and  therefore  we  will  turn  to  a  brief  notice  of  ad- 
vantages the  valley  no\v  presents  to  a  settler,  and  some  of  its  improvements. 
Like  many  other  streams  in  Arizona,  the  Santa  Cruz  runs  under  ground 
here,  and  sinks  entirely  just  below  the  city.  Of  course  water  can  be  had 
anywhere  by  digging,  and  by  proper  economy  in  saving  and  distribxition, 
many  more  farms  could  be  supplied  with  the  running  water,  and  this  is 
evidently  recognized  by  the  people  who  are  now  beginning  to  make  new 
homes  at  various  points  in  the  valley.  Rich  bottom  land  is  miles  wide 
here  and  there,  with  table  and  mountain  lands,  covered  with  the  best 
grasses.  In  the  vicinity  of  San  Xavier  the  valley  is  covered  with  a  heavy 
growth  of  mesquite,  enough  to  supply  fuel  for  years,  and  near  the  stream 
•ire  found  cottonwood  and  willows.  High  up  the  valley,  or  rather  in  the 
"levatod  lands  adjacent,  there  is  live  oak.  At  this  time  the  valley  is  about 
equally  devoted  to  stock-raising  and  farming.  The  more  desirable  sections 
near  it  are  alive  with  cattle,  and  as  a  whole  they  are  in  fine  condition.  The 


96  Treasure  Land. 

most  picturesque  portion  of  the  Santa  Cruz  valley  is  that  adjacent  to  our 
city,  and  a  more  lovely  spot  can  not  be  found  at  this  season  of  the  year. 
Fields  of  grain  and  vegetables  dot  the  river  banks  for  many  miles;  shady 
nooks  and  comfortable  homes  are  found  everywhere,  the  whole  presenting 
a  practical  illustration  of  the  agricultural  possibilities  of  Arizona. 

"HOW  Doth  We  can  assure  our  readers  that  he  does  remarkably  well 

th     T  "ttlp  *n  Southern  Arizona,  and  every  visitor  remarks  upon  the 

tne  LlUie  superior  class   of  honey  he  manufactures.     Unlike   the 

Busy  Bee."  Eastern  article,  sickness  never  follows  its  hearty  con- 
sumption. Clear,  delicious,  cheap  and  healthful,  it  is 
held  in  high  esteem  by  all.  There  are  several  grades  of  honey  produced, 
however.  The  best  is  that  obtained  by  the  bees  from  the  flowers  of  the 
mesquite,  for  which,  when  in  bloom,  they  leave  all  other  food.  The  mes- 
quite  honey  is  pure  and  white  in  color  and  of  exquisite  flavor.  The  bees 
also  extract  sweetness  from  "flowers  that  bloom  in  the  spring,"  from  the 
blossoms  of  the  sage,  the  fruit  and  flowers  of  the  cactus  and  a  hundred 
other  sources.  Late  in  the  season  the  main  dependence  is  on  the  bloom  of 
alfalfa,  which  gives  to  honey  a  darker  color  and  stronger  flavor  than  the 
earlier  product  possesses.  It  is  all  good,  and  the  local  society  of  bee  men 
are  taking  steps  toward  shipping  it  abroad  in  large  quantities. 

He  Makes  A.  farmer  informs  us  that  he  has  taken  twelve  tons  of 
M  f  r  H"  strained  honey  from  182  hives  of  bees  this  season,  and 

expects  to  take  fully  five  tons  more.  All  this  work  he 
Owner.  has  done  himself,  with  the  assistance  of  his  wife  and  boy. 

His  outlay  for  sheds,  hives  and  extracting  machinery 
has  been  about  $900,  all  of  which  has  been  paid  for  this  season,  or  in  other 
words,  the  capital  invested  has  brought  a  return  of  100  per  cent,  this  year, 
which  is  not  a  bad  thing  in  itself.  As  a  beekeeper  he  is  jubilant  at  the  suc- 
cess, even  after  shipping  the  honey  to  Chicago  for  a  market,  where  it 
brought  Gy2  cents  a  pound. 

History  Adam  watered  the  Garden  of  Eden  from  the  river  that 

Of  Irrigation        went  out  of  it,  and  over  2,000  years  before  the  Christian 

frnm    T^irliVct      era'  Nimrod  built  cities  in  the  valley  of  the  Euphrates 

Pin  earliest      and  jrrjgated  the  lands  thereof.    At  the  same  early  period 

Times.  the  inhabitants  of  Armenia  took  water  from  the 

Euphrates  and  Tigris  to  irrigate  the  lands  between  the  rivers,  and  some  of 
their  canals  can  be  traced  to-day.  The  Hebrews  brought  water  from  the 
mountain  streams  of  Palestine  to  irrigate  the  beautiful  plains  and  verdant 
valleys  beyond  the  Jordan;  they  constructed  reservoirs  for  water  storage, 
one  of  which,  Solomon's  pool,  had  a  capacity  of  over  25.000,000  cubic 
feet.  Damascus,  the  oldest  inhabited  city  in  the  world,  was  irrigated  from 
the  Abano  and  Pharpar,  forty  centuries  ago. 

Crossing  over  to  Africa,  we  find  that  in  the  time  of  the  Pharaohs 
there  were  over  200,000  square  miles  of  Egypt  irrigated  from  the  Nile,  and 
a  storage  reservoir  between  600  and  700  sqiiare  miles  in  area  was  con- 
structed by  Amenemhat  to  increase  the  productiveness  of  Egypt  and  ward 
off  calamity.  Following  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean  along  the  coast  of 
Africa,  we  find  at  almost  every  step  abundant  evidence  of  ancient  irriga- 
tion, and  learn  from  history  that  here  the  lands  were  made  almost  as  fer- 
tile as  the  valley  of  the  Nile. 

In  the  eighth  century  the  Moors  constructed  dams  and  reservoirs  in 
Spain,  and  led  their  canals  like  arteries  through  the  land.  Italy,  too,  had 
half  a  million  acres  under  water  in  Lombardy  alone. 

Early  in  the  twelfth  century  France  turned  her  rivers  upon  the  lands 
to  make  them  produce  as  they  had  never  done  before. 


The  Farmer's  Paradise  or  Land  and  Water.  i)7 

C'liina  has  been  a  network  of  irrigation  systems  for  thirty  centuries  or 
more,  but  her  crowning  achievement  is  the  immense  canal,  1,000  miles  long, 
between  Canton  and  Pekin.  The  southern  portion  of  Siam  is  artificially 
watered,  and  in  India  canals  of  wonderful  size  and  capacity  cross  and  re- 
cross  the  arid  plains. 

While  the  rainfall  in  Japan  is  three  times  that  of  the  United  States, 
the  careful  husbandman  increases  his  crops  by  irrigation.  In  Australia, 
where  most  of  the  rivers  flow  inland  and  sink  in  the  sands,  irrigation  has 
become  the  farmer's  reliance.  The  Aztec  empire  had  the  most  perfect  sys- 
tem of  irrigation  and  aqueducts  when  the  Spaniards  conquered  it,  and  the 
old  missions  on  the  Pacific  coast  were  furnished  with  water  through  canals 
made  by  the  Indian  converts. 

And  here  in  Arizona,  centuries  before  Columbus  discovered  America, 
a  race  of  people  of  whom  there  is  no  written  record  constructed  immense 
waterways,  erected  grand  dwellings,  and  covered  the  earth  for  miles  and 
miles  with  fields  of  corn;  the  lines  of  the  canals  they  dug  can  be  traced  to- 
day, and  some  of  them  are  used  by  our  own  people. 

The  wonderful  pasture  lands  of  Southern  Arizona  early 
TaDDin?  the  attracted  the  attention  of  stock  raisers,  and  under  both 
Spanish  and  Mexican  rule,  grants  of  land  in  this  sec- 
UnderflOW.  tion  were  eagerly  sought  for.  Some  of  these  were 

acquired  under  a  pledge  to  colonize  them  or  protect  the 
frontier  against  the  incursions  of  Indians,  but  few  of  these  pledges  were  ful- 
lilled  and  nearly  all  the  grants  were  abandoned  after  the  withdi-awal  of 
i  he  Spanish  troops  after  the  establishment  of  the  republic.  Fitful  at- 
lempt.s  were  made  from  time  to  time  to  liberate  the  country  from  the 
dominion  of  the  savages,  but  the  periods  of  peace  were  not  of  long 
duration. 

The  cloud  cast  upon  titles  by  these  grants,  for  the  most  part  abandoned 
by  the  original  grantees,  but  resurrected  by  grasping  Americans,  .has 
been  a  great  drawback  to  settlement,  and  it  is  only  since  the  establish- 
ment of  the  land  court  that  the  settlers  upon  them  breathe  freely. 

While  many  of  them  were  fraudulent  or  had  lapsed  by  non-user,  there 
arc  others  of  which  possession  has  been  maintained  and  the  title  per- 
fected, among  which  is  the  Canoa  ranch  in  the  Santa  Cruz  valley,  about 
forty  miles  south  of  Tucson,  owned  by  Maish  &  Driscoll  for  the  last 
twenty-seven  years.  It  controls  one  of  the  finest  grazing  sections  in  the 
ronntry  and  the  situation  leaves  nothing  to  be  desired. 

A  few  years  ago  the  owners  conceived  the  idea  of  developing  the 
underflow  of  the  river  and  conducting  it  upon  the  fine  valley  land  per- 
taining to  the  property.  Running  a  ditch  a  mile  in  length,  with  a  grade 
of  one  inch  to  the  rod,  they  obtained  water  enough  to  irrigate  400  acres, 
which  are  now  planted  to  alfalfa  and  grain.  They  are  confident  that  an 
additional  mile  of  ditch  will  give  them  an  unlimited  supply  of  water. 
From  this  tract  they  have  "baled  this  season  about  5,000  bales  of  grain 
and  alfalfa  hay.  They  maintain  over  400  hogs  besides  fattening  cattle 
when  necessary.  This  year,  up  to  June,  they  had  sold  2,700  head  of 
rattle  off  this  range. 

Besides  the  Canoa,  they  possess  the  Buena  Vista  ranch  south  of 
Calabasas,  which  is  well  watered  and  grassed,  and  several  deep  well 
ranges  in  the  Papago  country. 

From  an  interview  with  Mr.  W.  A.  Hartt,  who  is  cul- 
tivating a  large  area  of  land  in  the  Santa  Cruz  valley. 
Raising  Water,  eighteen  miles  south  of  Tucson,  we  have  obtained  the 
following  particulars  regarding  the  pumping  plant  upon 
which  he  depends  for  water  for  irrigation: 


98  Treasure  Land. 

"My  plant  consists  of  two  pumping  engines,  aggregating  a  capacity 
of  2,500  gallons  per  minute,  or  about  275  miners'  inches.  The  largest 
is  of  the  duplex-compound  type,  non-condensing,  and  they  are  both  sup- 
plied with  steam  power  from  a  horizontal  tubular  boiler  rated  at  forty- 
five  horse  power.  The  well  is  a  vertical,  four-compartment  shaft,  twenty 
four  feet  in  length  by  twelve  feet  in  width;  three  of  these  compartments 
have  a  depth  of  forty-two  feet,  and  the  pump  foundations  are  built  at 
the  bottom.  The  fourth  compartment  has  a  total  depth  of  fifty  feet  and 
forms  the  well  proper.  The  distance  from  the  surface  of  the  water  to 
the  point  of  discharge  on  top  is  forty-five  feet,  and  the  size  of  the  dis- 
charge pipe  of  the  large  pump  is  fourteen  inches,  and  of  the  smaller, 
seven  inches. 

"The  pump  is  automatic  in  operation  and  the  speed  is  controlled  by  a 
float  in  the  well  which  can  be  set  to  supply  any  quantity  of  water  de- 
sired continuously.  I  have  a  circular  reservoir  in  connection  with  the 
plant,  350  feet  in  diameter,  and  a  capacity  of  7,000,000  gallons. 

"In  giving  an  estimate  of  the  cost  of  operating,  I  confine  myself 
wholly  to  my  own  case,  on  the  basis  of  the  100  acres  actually  cultivated. 
Three  irrigations  to  each  crop  would  be  a  liberal  allowance  any  year,  and 
this  would  require  the  flooding  of  640  acres  six  times  and  the  cost  would 
not,  basing  the  calculation  on  my  own  expense  for  100  acres,  exceed 
$1.75  per  acre. 

"The  cost  of  such  a  pump  on  board  the  cars  at  Chicago  will  be 
about  $2,500,  but  for  a  100-acre  farm  a  500-gallon  plant  will  be  sufficient." 

The   future  agricultural   development  of   Southern   Ari- 

Storaire  zona  del)en(js  upon  the  use  of  its  superb  facilities  for 

storing   the   surplus   waters  of  our   rivers.     A   number 

Reservoirs.  of  these  projects  are  under  consideration,  and  only  await 

the  attention  of  capitalists  to  become  established  facts. 

Twenty-five  miles  southeast  of  Tucson,  in  the  depression  between  the 
Whetstone  and  Rincon  mountains,  is  the  Pantano  Cienega,  a  valley  about 
fifteen  miles  long,  with  an  average  width  of  nearly  two  miles,  except 
at  the  lower  end,  where  the  hills  approach,  leaving  only  a  deep  chasm  for 
the  passage  of  the  waters. 

This  valley  is  a  wonderful  water  basin,  receiving  during  the  year 
the  contributions  of  a  thousand  mountain  streams,  and  furnishing  enough 
water  to  irrigate  millions  of  acres.  At  present  the  waters  run  to  waste, 
flowing  northwest  along  the  base  of  the  Rincons  into  the  Rillito,  and 
finally  into  the  Santa  Cruz,  a  few  miles  north  of  Tucson. 

Between  the  Cienega  and  Tucson  is  a  wide  stretch  of  mesa  land, 
twenty  miles  long  by  ten  to  fifteen  broad,  the  most  fertile  in  the  world, 
and  which  would  yield  abundant  crops  of  fruit  and  cereals  if  water  were 
available. 

Several  excellent  reservoir  sites  have  been  located  and  preliminary 
surveys  show  that  the  difference  in  altitude  of  about  1,200  feet  makes 
it  possible  to  fill  these  from  the  overflow  of  the  Cienega. 

A  short  time  ago  the  city  council  of  Tucson  agitated  the  matter  and 
sought  to  secure  an  expert  opinion  on  the  subject  from  the  professor  of 
hydraulic  engineering  at  the  university,  but  as  funds  were  not  available 
for  a  thoroughly  scientific  examination,  he  did  not  feel  at  liberty  to  give 
an  informal  opinion.  Nevertheless,  the  impression  made  by  his  state- 
ment was  to  the  effect  that  the  project  presented  no  insuperable  natural 
difficulties. 

Surveyor  General  Geo.  J.  Roskruge,  who  had  surveyed  the  ground, 
and,  we  believe,  located  the  reservoir  sites,  claims  that  the  only  diffi- 
culty in  the  way  of  utilizing  the  Cienega  waters  is  the  lack  of  capital. 
There  is  water  in  abundance,  and  the  investment  would  yield  better  re- 
turns in  a  few  years  than  any  similar  enterprise  in  the  territory. 


The  Farmer's  Paradise  or  Land  and  Water.  91) 

In  the  matter  of  developing  the  overflows  of  the  Santa 
_  ,         Cruz   and    Rillito,    it   has   been    fully   demonstrated   by 

Overflows  OI         practical   and   successful   experiments   (as   will   be  seen 
the  Rivers.  elsewhere  in  this  volume)  that  there  is  no  limit  to  the 

amount  of  water  that  can  be  made  available  for  agri- 
cultural purposes.  These  experiments,  however,  have  been  made  on  a 
small  scale  with  local  capital,  and  without  those  facilities  that  ample 
means  Avould  afford. 

There  are  few  parts  of  the  valley  where  underground  streams  of  con- 
siderable volume  can  not  be  tapped  and  the  waters  brought  to  the  surface. 
The  Santa  Cruz  river  carries  water  enough  by  our  doors  during  the 
rainy  seasons  to  irrigate  a  principality.  Most  of  it  can  be  saved  for  use 
during  the  dry  seasons  by  the  construction  of  reservoirs  along  its  route, 
and  distributed  over  the  fertile  lands  that  fringe  its  course. 

Natural  The  reader  must  not  infer  from  our  reference  to  reser- 

.  voir  sites  that  these  are  mere  locations  of  level  surface 

Reservoir  requiring  an  elaborate  and  expensive  work  of  excavation. 

Sites.  They  are  for  the  most  part  natural  reservoir  sites;  de- 

pressions formed  by  nature,  or,  perhaps,  excavated  by  the 
primitive  race  that  once  densely  populated  the  valley.  The  amount  of  work 
required  to  place  them  in  condition  is  comparatively  trifling.  The 
average  cost  per  acre-foot  of  capacity  of  sixteen  of  the  largest  reservoirs 
in  California  does  not  exceed  $15.  This  does  not  include  the  cost  of 
distributing  canals  or  other  works  incidental  to  the  irrigation  system.  The 
Hear  Valley  reservoir  cost  $5.30,  and  we  do  not  believe  that  the  construc- 
tion, or  rather  the  rehabilitation  of  the  proposed  reservoirs  in  this  valley 
will  cost  half  this  amount. 

It  was  left  to  individual  enterprise  to  prove  the  feas- 
The  TllCSOn  ibility  of  the  development  of  the  underflow  of  the  Santa 

Cruz  river.    A  local  firm  purchased  the  old  Warner  mill 
Canal.  property  at  the  base  of  Sentinel  peak  and  proposed  to 

irrigate  several  acres  of  valley  land  from  the  lake,  and 
succeeded  in  accoinplisHing  even  more  than  they  had  planned. 

At  the  base  of  Sentinel  peak  the  bedrock  rises  almost  to  the  surface, 
thrusting  the  water  up.  Warner  lake  was  supposed  to  be  merely  a 
storage  reservoir,  the  importance  of  the  springs  that  fed  it  being  under- 
estimated, and  when  they  proposed  to  irrigate  from  this  body  of  water, 
never  more  than  thirty-seven  acres  in  area,  it  would,  naturally,  soon  be 
drained.  Such  would  have  been  the  case  if  they  had  relied  upon  the 
storage  proposition,  but  they  knew  that  it  was  a  question  of  the  whole 
drainage  of  the  valley,  and  to  confirm  their  judgment  they  drove  a  piece 
of  four-inch  casing  to  bed  rock,  exploded  powder  at  the  bottom,  and  ob- 
tained a  rush  of  water  that  rose  several  feet  into  the  air.  Thirty  lengths 
of  four  and  six-inch  casing  were  driven  down  eight  and  ten  feet  and 
two  feet  apart  to  ascertain  whether  or  not  the  supply  could  be  diminished, 
but  no  diminution  resulted,  and  having  thus  proved  that  the  supply  of 
water  was  practically  inexhaustible,  they  proceeded  to  run  their  canals 
through  the  valley,  and  now  have  six  miles  of  main  canal,  irrigating 
about  1.500  acres.  They  are  satisfied  that  they  can  develop  sufficient 
water  to  irrigate  at  least  8,000  acres,  but  having  to  depend  upon  their 
own  capital  their  progress  is  necessarily  slow. 

Three  miles  north  of  Tucson,  a  change  of  grade  gives  them  a  fall  in 
their  main  canal  of  twenty-five  feet,  and  they  contemplate  utilizing  this 
for  power  purposes.  It  will  probably  develop  from  forty-five  to  fifty 
horse  power  and  run  a  fifty-barrel  flour  mill. 

There  are  many  points  on  the  Santa  Cruz  river  where  their  opera- 


100 


Treasure  Land. 


An  Irrigation 
Project. 


tions  can  be  duplicated,  while  the  valley  of  the  Rillito  can  all  be  irri- 
gated from  that  stream  by  a  modification  of  the  same  principle.  The 
expense  is  not  too  great  to  deter  private  enterprise,  and  the  returns  from 
the  outlay  will  prove  a  handsome  recompense. 

The  land  lying  along  the  Santa  Cruz  river,  between 
Tucson  and  the  Sonora  line,  a  distance  of  over  eighty 
miles  and  of  an  average  width  of  two  miles,  contains 
160  square  miles,  or  102,400  acres  of  valley  laud,  all 
of  which  is  suitable  for  alfalfa,  sugar  beets,  grains, 
fruits  and  vegetables  of  all  kinds. 

These  lands,  located  on  both  sides  of  the  river,  can  be  reclaimed  by 
different  systems  of  irrigation,  either  by  the  construction  of  reservoirs  at 
the  base  of  the  mesa  lands,  to  be  filled  by  the  waters  of  the  Santa  Cruz 
river  during  the  flood  season  from  July  to  October,  or  by  the  construc- 
tion of  a  dam  at  Guevavi,  near  the  Sonora  line,  where  the  bed  rock 
comes  near  to  the  surface.  A  dam  at  that  point  would  be  about  450  yards  in 
length  on  top,  and  at  a  height  of  forty  feet  would  back  the  flow  waters 
two  and  one-half  miles.  Allowing  eighteen  feet  per  mile  of  fall  to  the 
river,  an  average  width  of  one  mile  and  a  depth  of  ten  feet,  the  reser- 
voir capacity  would  be  about  1,000,000  cubic  feet  of  water,  or  enough 
to  irrigate  10,890  acres.  The  underflow  waters  could  also  be  developed 
at  other  points  where  the  bed  rock  is  close  to  the  surface,  by  running 
open  cuts  below  the  water  level.  Some  of  these  points  are  located  at 
Calabasas,  Agua  Fria,  Tubac,  Otero,  Canoa,  San  Xavier  and  near  the 
smelter,  north  of  Tucson. 


Ti  (  SON  PHILHARMONIC  RAND. 


102  Treasure  Land. 

THE  STONY  Or  THE  UNIVERSITY  Or  ARIZONA. 

There  is  no  section  of  the  United  States  which  has,  compared  with  its 
population,  better  educational  facilities  than  Arizona. 

The  University,  at  Tucson,  and  the  Normal  School,  at  Teinpe,  are  both 
institutions  which,  in  equipment  and  thoroughness  of  instruction,  have  few 
superiors. 

If  the  reader  is  specially  interested  in  the  subject  of  higher  education, 
he  will  appreciate  the  difficulties  under  which  we  have  labored  in  estab- 
lishing a  university  at  this  early  stage  of  our  political  career,  respect  the 
aspirations  that  gave  it  birth,  and  wonder  at  its  present  prosperous  condi- 
tion. 

Its  foundation  is  the  result  of  the  labors  of  a  few  far-seeing  men,  who 
knew  that  the  social  advancement  of  a  community  is  best  shown  by  a  rec- 
ognition of  education,  not  merely  as  a  necessity  for  the  ordinary  affairs  of 
life,  but  as  a  means  of  reaching  those  broader  fields  of  duty  and  endeavor 
whose  horizon  reaches  as  far  as  Thought  extends. 

In  the  case  of  the  University  of  Arizona,  labor  was  fruitless  until  op- 
portunity came,  like  a  providence,  and  made  achievement  possible  to  those 
who  waited. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  session  of  the  territorial  legislature  held  at 
Prescott  in  1885,  a  combination  was  formed  to  prevent  the  removal  of  the 
capital,  and  as  the  Pima  county  members  had  no  special  instructions,  they 
acquiesced  in  the  arrangement.  As  the  session  advanced,  however,  an  un- 
easy feeling  pervaded  the  county  that  our  people  were  going  to  receive 
nothing  but  a  general  interest  in  a  few  laws  of  doubtful  value,  and  a  com- 
mittee of  two,  consisting  of  a  prominent  stock-raiser  and  a  grip-sack,  were 
transmitted  to  Prescott  to  urge  our  members  to  secure  the  capital  for 
Tucson.  The  committee  arrived  in  the  north  too  late  to  accomplish  any- 
thing and  returned  home  with  a  moving  tale  of  trust  betrayed  and  oppor- 
tunity neglected.  Tucson  was  worked  up  to  a  high  point  of  indignation, 
that  vociferated  on  the  street  corners,  deluged  the  public  press  and  bur- 
dened the  mails  without  finding  relief.  The  echoes  of  this  emotion  reached 
Prescott,  and  our  members  felt  that  they  had  to  do  something  to  pacify 
their  constituents.  An  effort  had  been  made,  in  the  early  part  of  the  ses- 
sion, to  pass  a  university  bill  for  the  benefit  of  Tucson,  but  had  not  re- 
ceived any  serious  consideration,  and  this  was  resurrected  and  introduced. 
It  came  into  the  house  during  the  last  hours  of  the  session  and  was  received 
with  shouts  of  derision  and  mocking  gibes. 

A  young  lawyer,  who  is  now  a  leading  member  of  the  bar,  rose  to 
speak  in  support  of  the  bill,  and  with  an  eloquence  that  surprised  himself 
even  more  than  his  audience,  he  held  their  attention  for  nearly  an  hour. 
It  was  the  supreme  effort  of  his  life,  and  practically  founded  the  University 
of  Arizona! 

Eloquence,  however,  is  not  far-reaching,  and  the  university  project 
languished  for  lack  of  sustenance  and  sympathy.  All  that  Tucson  obtained 
was  the  mocking  title  of  "Athens  of  Arizona."  Our  citizens,  with  some 
noble  exceptions,  mourned  for  the  lost  capital,  and  would  not  be  com- 
forted. So  deep  was  the  feeling  against  our  legislators  that  two  of  them, 
not  daring  to  return  and  face  the  popular  indignation,  emigrated  to  Cali- 
fornia. 

The  exceptions  alluded  to  were  stronger  than  the  general  rule,  and  one 
of  the  bonds  authorized  to  be  issued  for  the  erection  of  buildings  was  nego- 
tiated in  the  face  of  a  public  protest,  and  when  the  succeeding  legislature 
attempted  to  revoke  the  establishing  act,  the  institution  was  saved  again 
by  the  fiery  eloquence  of  a  young  member.  He  pointed  out  the  legal  ob- 
stacles to  an  act  of  revocation,  and  so  worked  upon  the  sentiments  of  (lie 
legislators  that  the  university  was  permitted  to  exist. 


The  Stoi-y  of  the  University  of  Arizona.  103 

Ground  was  broken  for  the  university  building  on  October  13,  1887,  but, 
owing  to  unforeseen  delays  and  legal  complications  in  the  construction  of 
laws,  little  progress  was  made  until  1890,  when  work  was  resumed  with 
vigor.  In  this  year  the  appropriation  made  by  congress  for  the  establish- 
ment of  an  agricultural  experiment  station  in  Arizona  was  made  available. 
In  1889  an  agricultural  college  had  been  nominally  established,  in  order  that 
the  Territory  might  avail  itself  of  the  Morrill  act. 

Its  present  income  is  derived  from  three  principal  sources,  viz.:  The 
Hatch  or  agricultural  experiment  fund;  the  Morrill  or  agricultural  college 
fund,  and  territorial  appropriations.  The  first  two  are  United  States  funds, 
autl  at  present  contribute  annually  $15,000  and  $22,000  respectively,  while 
the  territorial  appropriations  will  average  nearly  $12,000,  giving  a  gross  in- 
come from  these  sources  of  $49,000. 

The  university  buildings  are  situated  upon  the  high  mesa  one  mile  east 
from  the  business  center  of  Tucson.  They  occupy  a  tract  of  forty  acres, 
in  a  most  healthful  location,  commanding  a  view  of  attractive  mountain 
scenery  upon  all  sides.  The  accompanying  engravings  give  a  better  idea 
of  their  appearance  than  any  description  can,  but  no  art  can  convey  to  the 
imagination  any  idea  of  the  grandeur  of  the  surrounding  scenery  or  the 
balminess  of  the  air. 

The  buildings  are  substantial  and  well  adapted  to  their  uses,  the  ex- 
perience of  older  colleges  having  been  liberally  consulted  in  this  particular 
to  the  advantage  of  the  student. 

Ample  accommodations  are  provided  for  non-resident  students,  board 
and  room  being  furnished  at  a  maximum  rate  of  $15  a  month.  A  capable 
matron  is  in  charge  of  Ladies'"  Hall,  and  the  male  dormitory  is  governed  by 
oue  of  the  professors. 

Military  training  is  obligatory  to  the  end  of  the  sophomore  year,  and 
each  member  of  the  military  organization  is  required  to  provide  himself 
with  the  prescribed  uniform  within  six  weeks  after  his  entrance.  This 
uniform  costs  $12,  and  is  neat  and  serviceable. 

There  are  five  regular  courses  offered,  and  students  who  obtain  full 
credit  for  the  required  work  in  either  of  these  courses  during  four  years  will 
receive  the  degree  of  bachelor  of  science.  The  advanced  degrees  of  M.  S. 
and  M.  A.  are  conferred  upon  bachelors,  graduates  from  this  university  or 
from  institutions  of  equivalent  grade,  who  successfully  pursue  a  courst- 
of  study  marked  out  by  the  faculty,  requiring  not  less  than  one  year.  The 
degrees  of  civil  engineer,  mining  engineer  and  electrical  engineer  are  open 
to  graduates  properly  prepared,  and  who  pursue  special  lines  of  post- 
graduate work. 

The  five  courses  are  outlined  as  follows: 

I.  The  General  Course  is  a  proper  curriculum  for  the  average  student, 
and  embodies  what  is  most  suitable  for  the  broad  general  culture  demanded 
by  modern  life. 

II.  Tlie  Agriculture  Course,  in  addition  to  portions  of  the  General  Course, 
covers  special  teaching  by  means  of  lectures  and  recitations,  supplemented 
by  field-work,  laboratory  practice  and  clinic. 

III.  The  Cicil  Engineering  Course  is  designed  for  young  men  intending 
to  become  civil  engineers  and  surveyors,  and  aims  to  prepare  students  for 
immediate  usefulness. 

IV.  The  Mechanical  and  Electrical  Engineering  Course  alms  to  fit  young 
men  in  the  most  practical  manner  for  the  duties  of  these  professions. 

V.  The  Mining  and  Metallurgical  Coarse  is  designed  to  fit  young  men 
for  the  theory  and  practice  of  mining  and  metallurgy,  and  for  the  superin- 
tendence or  management  of  mines,  mills  or  metallurgical  works. 


The  Story  of  t/i<>   rniri-rxihi  <>f  Arizona.  105 


As  the  reader  will  see,  the  chief  object  of  these  courses  is  to  prepare 
the  student  for  active  duty  in  the  profession  he  has  chosen,  and  the  facili- 
ties for  so  doing,  apart  from  the  character  of  the  instruction,  will  be  under- 
stood from  a  perusal  of  the  following  notes  on  the  equipment  of  the  several 
departments  of  the  institution: 

Agricultural  Department—  The  equipment  of  this  department  has  been 
greatly  augmented  during  the  past  year.  There  are  the  best  Azoux  models 
of  portions  of  the  domestic  animals;  several  cases  of  vegetable  products;  a 
large  collection  of  seeds  arranged  in  jars,  and  also  a  selection  of  gardeu 
tools,  and  instruments  used  in  veterinary  surgery.  Recently  there  has  been 
imported  from  Germany  a  collection  of  charts  illustrating  the  anatomy  and 
physiology  of  domestic  animals  and  the  structure  of  fruits  and  grains. 
Specimens  of  farm  products  are  constantly  received  for  examination.  Two 
fine  greenhouses  are  attached  to  this  department  for  laboratory  work,  and 
tield-work  is  given  on  the  spacious  grounds  of  the  university.  The  agricul- 
tural section  of  the  general  library  contains  all  the  standard  works  and 
current  publications  upon  agriculture  in  its  various  branches,  and  the  sci- 
ences upon  which  it  is  based. 

The  agricultural  experiment  station  headquarters  are  connected  with 
this  department,  and  alt  the  bulletins  and  reports  of  the  experiment  stations 
of  the  United  States  and  foreign  countries  are  on  file. 

The  Biological  Department  is  piped  for  gas  and  water,  and  liberally  pro- 
vided with  apparatus  for  research  and  instruction.  Students  pursuing 
histological  work  are  provided  without  expense  simple  and  compound  mi- 
croscopes, as  the  nature  of  their  work  demands.  The  laboratory  is  equipped 
with  microtomes,  culture  baths,  oven  and  other  accessories  used  In  modern 
methods  of  research. 

An  herbarium,  containing  nearly  10,000  sheets  of  plants,  mostly  in- 
digenous to  the  Southwest,  a  large  percentage  being  from  Arizona,  is  an  im- 
portant factor  in  the  equipment.  Some  fifty  cases  of  insects,  including  one 
large  cabinet,  are  of  value  in  giving  instruction  in  entomology  and  to  illus 
trate  the  economic  insects  of  Arizona.  The  work  in  general  and  systematic 
zoology  is  greatly  facilitated  by  the  Herbert  Brown  collection  of  birds 
and  other  zoological  material  which  has  been  brought  together  during  tin- 
past  five  years. 

To  aid  in  the  study  of  human  and  comparative  anatomy  and  physiology 
we  are  provided  with  articulate  and  disarticulate  human  skeletons,  plaster 
and  papier-mache  models  of  the  important  organs,  and  microscopical 
preparations  illustrating  the  structure  of  the  various  tissues.  The  equip- 
ment also  includes  special  apparatus  for  use  of  advanced  students  in  this 
department. 

The  Chemical  Laboratories  are  two  in  number.  *The  smaller  one,  on  the 
upper  floor  of  the  main  building,  is  for  the  use  of  students  and  is  equipped 
for  teaching  the  theory  and  practice  of  chemical  science.  The  room  for 
laboratory  work  is  well  lighted,  provided  with  gas,  water,  working  desks. 
ventilating  hoods,  an  abundance  of  apparatus  and  chemicals  with  which  to 
carry  on  experimental  work,  and  can  be  made  to  accommodate  about 
twenty-four  students.  Adjoining  the  large  room  is  a  small  store-room. 
stocked  with  apparatus  for  demonstrating  the  principles  of  chemistry,  and 
containing  well-selected  collections  of  chemical  substances. 

The  experiment  station  laboratory  occupies  three  large  working  rooms 
and  two  small  store-rooms  on  the  lower  floor  of  the  main  building.  This 
laboratory  is  devoted  to  analytical  work  and  chemical  investigations  relat- 
ing to  the  agricultural  interests  of  the  territory.  It  is  excellently  equipped 
for  the  special  lines  of  investigation  in  which  it  is  engaged,  and  although 
not  primarily  intended  for  the  use  of  students,  it  has  educational  value  to 
those  who  desire  to  witness  the  operations  of  a  working  laboratory.  The 


106  Treasure  Land. 

equipment  includes  chemical  balances,  chemical  apparatus  and  supplies, 
machinery  for  preparing  samples,  and  special  appliances  for  the  analysis 
of  milk,  agricultural  products,  tanning  materials  and  soils. 

Civil  and  Hydraulic  Engineering— In  this  department  the  fact  has  been 
recognized  that  the  first  actual  engagement  secured  by  the  student  will  be 
either  in  the  field  with  a  surveying  party  or  in  the  drafting  office,  and  the 
equipment  has,  therefore,  been  chosen  with  a  view  to  developing  the  high- 
est skill  in  these  fundamental  lines  of  work. 

In  addition  to  the  large  number  of  technical  books  and  periodicals  in  the 
general  library,  this  department  possesses  a  considerable  number  of  valu- 
able reference  works  concerning  its  special  lines  of  investigation. 

The  Department  of  Physics  is  equipped  with  very  complete  facilities  for 
experimental  demonstration  of  all  important  phenomena.  The  lecture  room 
is  fitted  with  shutters,  so  that  it  can  be  instantly  darkened,  and  a  beam  of 
sunlight,  directed  by  a  very  fine  clock  heliostat  outside,  may  be  thrown 
steadily  across  the  lecture  table  for  experiments  in  light,  or  used  in  con- 
nection with  the  solar  lantern  for  a  variety  of  other  work.  The  lecture  table 
is  supplied  with  gas,  water,  electric  currents  from  primary  and  storage 
batteries,  and  from  the  large  dynamo. 

Adjacent  to  the  lecture  room  is  the  apparatus  room,  where  are  kept  the 
very  best  instruments  and  appliances  for  demonstrations. 

Both  these  rooms  open  into  the  large  physical  laboratory,  where  the 
students  verify  for  themselves  the  laws  set  forth  in  text  books  and  lectures. 

The  machinery  and  technical  sections  are  equipped  with  carpenters' 
benches,  lathes  and  other  pieces  of  machinery,  operated  by  foot  and  steam 
power. 

The  School  of  Nines  is  well  equipped  for  giving  both  theoretical  and 
practical  instruction  in  the  arts  of  mining,  metallurgy  and  assaying  in  all 
its  branches. 

Attached  to  the  main  building  is  an  annex,  or  mill,  containing  machinery 
and  appliances  for  crushing,  sampling,  concentrating,  amalgamating,  leach- 
ing, chlorinating,  and  the  electrical  treatment  of  various  kinds  of  ore,  in 
large  or  small  lots.  The  student  has  access  to  this  apparatus  and  is  re- 
quired to  familiarize  himself  with  its  manipulation.  Power  is  furnished 
from  a  seventy-horse  power  boiler,  detached  from  the  main  building,  tho 
steam  being  carried  underground  to  the  engine-room,  which  contains  a 
thirty-five-horse  power  engine,  and  a  sixteen-horse  power  Westiughouse 
automatic  engine,  the  latter  being  used  for  running  the  dynamo. 

The  mill  building  has  a  storage  capacity  for  ore  of  50  to  100  tons. 
A  seven-inch  by  ten-inch  Blake  crusher  is  used  for  coarse  crushing,  and  a 
Dodge  crusher  for  finer  work.  Beneath  the  Blake  crusher  is  a  set  of 
fourteen-inch  by  twenty-inch  Cornish  rolls,  from  which  the  ore  passes  by 
a  conveyor  to  the  main  elevator,  which  carries  it  up  thirty-five  feet  to  the 
top  of  the  mill.  By  means  of  slides  and  chutes  the  crushed  ore  may  be 
sent  at  will  to  various  machines  to  be  tested  by  different  methods.  For 
concentration  there  are  provided  revolving  sizing  screens  giving  facilities 
for  preparing  six  sizes,  besides  hydraulic  separators  for  classifying  slimes 
into  three  grades.  A  small  apparatus,  run  by  electric  motor,  is  also  pro- 
vided for  dry  concentration.  A  five-stamp  gold  mill,  with  silvered  plates 
and  aprons  of  the  latest  and  most  approved  construction,  has  recently  been 
added  to  the  mill,  thus  permitting  the  working  of  free-milling  gold  ores  by 
the  usual  methods  and  on  a  large  scale.  Several  lots  of  ore  have  been  suc- 
cessfully worked  and  returns  made  in  gold  bullion,  thus  familiarizing  the 
mining  students  with  all  the  details  of  feeding,  stamping,  cleaning  up,  re- 
torting, smelting  and  assaying. 


The  Story  of  the  University  of  Arizona.  107 

In  addition  to  the  five-stamp  mill,  a  smaller  prospecting  mill  of  three 
stamps  has  been  added  so  as  to  work  small  lots  of  ore  of  from  100  to  2,000 
pounds. 

A  sampling  mill  permits  of  rapid  crushing  and  mixing  large  samples, 
preparatory  to  assaying. 

Above  the  engine-room  is  the  electrical  laboratory,  containing  a  seventy- 
five-light  Mather  incandescent  dynamo,  from  which  six  circuits  are  dis- 
tributed to  different  parts  of  the  university  building.  Of  these,  two  circuits 
are  for  lighting  purposes;  one  extends  to  the  hoisting  motor;  another  to  the 
motor  which  runs  the  concentrating  machinery;  another  circuit  to  the  fan 
motors  used  for  ventilating  purposes,  and  the  sixth  branch  goes  to  the 
storage  batteries  which  provide  current  for  electrolytic  work  in  the  assay 
laboratory. 

The  assay  laboratory  is  one  of  the  most  complete  in  the  West  in  its  ap- 
pointments. This  is  equipped  with  assay  furnaces  for  crucible  work,  for 
scorifying  and  cupelling,  and  for  retorting  mercury  from  amalgam.  An  ad- 
joining room,  supplied  with  water,  gas  and  electric  current,  has  a  roomy 
hood  for  work  involving  fumes,  with  tables  and  desks  for  student  work, 
besides  all  needed  appliances  for  assaying  by  dry  and  wet  methods,  in- 
cluding electrolysis. 

The  laboratory  also  has  desks  and  fittings  for  the  chemical  work  re- 
quired in  the  metallurgical  and  mineralogical  investigation  and  analysis  of 
ores,  mineral  fertilizers  and  qualitative  tests  of  minerals. 

A  reagent  and  assay-supply  store-room  adjoins  this  room,  and  also  a 
balance  room,  with  balances  of  the  highest  grade  and  accuracy. 

The  school  is  thus  prepared  to  give  instruction,  and  at  the  same  time  to 
work  ores  by  the  ton,  and  also  to  determine  the  nature  and  value  of  ob- 
scure and  little  known  mineral  substances,  specimens  of  which  are  re- 
ceived by  mail  from  all  parts  of  Arizona  and  beyond  it,  and  are  examined 
gratuitously. 

The  last  legislature,  with  the  view  of  making  the  school  of  mines  still 
more  useful  to  the  mining  interests,  passed  a  law  fixing  the  following  ex- 
tremely low  prices  for  assaying  of  ores  taken  from  deposits  and  mines 
within  the  territory: 

For  each  assay  producing  gold  and  silver $  .50 

For  each  assay  producing  gold,  silver  and  copper 1.00 

For  each  assay  showing  more  than  three  metals 1.50 

This  enactment,  while  it  assists  the  miner,  gives  the  student  an  oppor- 
tunity to  acquire  by  repeated  practice  a  confidence  that  he  would  not  get 
from  isolated  experiments.  All  assays  are  made  by  or  under  the  direction 
of  a  competent  assayer,  the  student  work  being  chiefly  in  the  manner  of 
check  tests. 

Special  students,  having  some  general  qualifications,  are  admitted  to 
this  department  and  acquire  a  fair  amount  of  proficiency,  but  can  not  re- 
ceive a  degree. 

Besides  the  studies  referred  to,  instruction  is  also  provided  in  music 
(vocal  and  instrumental),  and  in  all  the  branches  of  a  complete  business  edu- 
cation, including  stenography,  typewriting,  penmanship  and  commercial 
studies. 

The  Government  of  the  University  is  vested  in  a  board  of  six  regents,  four 
of  whom  are  appointed  by  the  governor,  the  retraining  two  being  the  gov- 
ernor himself  and  the  superintendent  of  public  instruction.  But  while  the 
board  is  thus  a  political  body,  the  appointees,  who  practically  control  the 
destiny  of  the  institution,  have  generally  been  able  and  conscientious  per- 
sons. The  political  kaleidoscope,  however,  works  injuriously  in  causing 
changes  ofteuer  than  the  best  interests  of  the  institution  demand. 


108 


Treasure  Land. 


The  reader,  having  thus  been  informed  of  the  general  conditions  of  the 
university,  will  be  prepared  to  learn  that  the  chairs  are  filled  by  professors 
\vho  would  do  honor  to  any  similar  institution.  Liberal  salaries  are  paid. 
and  the  very  best  talent  sought  for.  The  marvelous  climate  and  the  great 
field  for  original  research  have  brought  to  us  many  able  men,  whom  \ve 
could  not  have  secured  otherwise. 

The  student  body  contains  representatives  from  several  Eastern  states, 
who  find  here  conditions  more  favorable  to  study,  and  no  better  facilities 
can  be  had  in  the  country  for  studies  connected  with  mining  thau  are 
offered  here.  A  fully  equipped  plant  is  almost  constantly  in  operation  on 
commercial  work,  and  real  mines  can  be  examined  or  worked  by  the  stu- 
dent at  any  time. 

The  rates  of  living  are  exceedingly  light,  the  tuition  is  free,  and  the 
social  environment  is  excellent. 

The  University  of  Arizona  is  certain  to  attract  the  attention  of  parents 
of  delicate  children,  who  can  not  stand  the  rigors  of  the  Eastern  climates. 
Here  it  is  not  alone  a  superior  education  that  is  furnished,  for  the  physical 
constitution  of  the  student  is  enriched,  and  vigorous  manhood  crmvns  his 
commencement  day. 

We  regret  that  the  requirements  of  space  prevent  us  from  further  pur- 
suing this  interesting  subject.    Detailed  information  can  be  obtained  hy  ad 
dressing  the  President  of  the  University  of  Arizona, 


STREET  SCENES,  Trrs<>\. 


THE  CITY  OP  AGES 


UCSON, 

THE  OLDEST  SETTLEMENT  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


BIRD'S-EYE  VIEW  OF  TUCSON. 


Aneienl  in  I/ears,  lint  her  loinj  lift-  ire/I  s/>cut. 

She  smiles  serene/i/  ut  /In-  filer  <>f  Time. 
.S'/ '/////. r-//Ar  sin-  xiil.  irln'/r  f/jyrx  runic  inn/  in  i/t- 

'I'/ir  oldest  city  inn/  tin'  i/i'iitlrnt  clime. 

But  lo!     Tin1  it-nil  of  xii fftriinj  from  afar, 
Aronneif  her  ener</ies.  m/il  like  tln>  star. 
That  Itei-alilril  the  Sarinr  of  Hie  nice,  she  ruse 
To  In-iiKj  iieir  hone  into  «  irorhl  of  iroes. 


110  Treasure  Land. 

The  struggle  between  Santa  Fe  and  San  Augustine  on 

Santa  Fe  tne  I"68*1011  ot  priority  of  settlement  has  about  worii 

them  out.     San  Augustine  pants  upon  her  sandy  shore. 

is  Old.  and  the  mosquitoes  sing  a  lullaby,  while  poor  old  Santa 

Fe  grins  disconsolate  from  amid  her  ruins.     Tucson  has 

not,  heretofore,  claimed  anything  but  climate  and  prosperity,  but  now  she 

rises  to  explain  that  these  two  hoary-headed  sinners  have  been  wasting 

their  declining  years  in  trying  to  prove  private  property  in  what  belongs  to 

neither. 

Fifty-six  years  after  Father  Marcos  de  Niza  explored  Arizona,  that  is 
to  say,  in  1595,  Juan  de  Onate  entered  New  Mexico,  and  in  1605  a  settle- 
ment was  established  near  the  site  of  Santa  Fe. 

In  1680  a  general  revolt  of  the  Indian  tribes  drove  the  colonists  and  mis- 
sionaries out  of  the  country,  and  for  twelve  years  it  was  absolutely  aban- 
doned to  the  original  inhabitants. 

In  1692,  Diego  de  Vargas  began  the  reconquest  of  the  country,  and 
finally  made  it  possible  to  relocate  Santa  Fe  somewhere  near  the  original 
site. 

For  the  sake  of  argument,  and  seeing  that  it  is  no  advantage  to  Santa 
Fe,  we  will  concede  the  original  date  of  settlement  as  1605,  and  proceed  to 
consider  the  claims  of  the  Florida  claimant. 

o   f  In  1502,  Admiral  Coligni  obtained  from  Charles  IX.,  of 

France,  the  privilege  of  planting  a  French  Protestant  col- 
St.  AllgUStine       ony  in  the  New  World,  and  finally  succeeded  in  estab- 
is  Older  lishing  one  on  the  River  St.  Johns,  in  Florida.    The  col- 

onists had  just  become  comfortably  settled  when  the 
Spaniards,  who  classified  heretics  with  alligators,  pounced  upon  them. 

On  the  28th  of  August,  1595  (the  same  year  the  Spaniards  entered  New 
Mexico  to  Christianize  the  Indians),  Pedro  Melendez,  with  a  company  of 
2,400,  descended  upon  the  Huguenots  and  exterminated  them,  but  left  the 
alligators  and  mosquitoes. 

Phillip  II.  was  then  proclaimed  monarch  of  North  America,  or  what- 
ever it  might  be  thereafter  called,  and  the  necessary  foundation  being  pre- 
pared, San  Agustin  (as  it  was  then  spelled)  was  founded  with  due  pomp 
and  ceremony. 

Conceding  Santa  Fe's  claim  of  1605,  and  also  paying  due 
And  TuCSOn  veneration  to  the  antiquity  of  San  Augustine,  we  claim 

priority  for  Tucson  on  the  following  grounds: 
IS  the  Oldest.  According  to  authentic  records,  Marcos  de  Niza  and 

the  negro,  Estevanico,  explored  Arizona  in  1539,  passing 
through  the  Santa  Cruz  valley  and  the  Gila  settlements.  He  made  such  a 
wonderful  report  on  the  country,  which  he  swore  to,  that  the  question  of 
establishing  a  settlement  in  that  section  was  seriously  considered,  and  in 
1552  the  matter  was  reported  favorably  and  the  settlement  ordered  estab- 
lished. 

The  proof  of  this  is  contained  in  a  stained  and  time-worn  document 
written  on  vellum,  signed  by  his  Catholic  majesty,  Charles  the  First  of 
Spain  and  Fifth  of  Germany,  the  successor  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  the 
patrons  of  Columbus,  and  countersigned  by  the  viceroy  of  Mexico. 

It  was  discovered  recently  among  the  relics  of  the  ancient  mission  of 
San  Xavier,  nine  miles  south  of  Tucson,  and  was  forwarded  for  safe-keep- 
ing to  the  librarian  at  Washington,  in  whose  custody  it  now  is,  or  ought  to 
be.  The  date  on  the  vellum  is  1552,  and,  allowing  three  years  for  good 
measure,  we  can  place  the  date  of  Tucson's  settlement  at  1555,  at  which 
time  San  Augustine  was  merely  a  strip  of  coast  line,  and  Santa  Fe  :i 
prairie  dog  village.  Attached  to  the  vellum  is  an  interesting  account  of  the 
founding  of  Tucson,  written  in  the  fair,  round  hand  of  Marcos  de  Niza. 


TJic  City  of  Agex:    Tucson.  Ill 

The  toAvu  was  never  afterwards  abandoned.  It  moved  along  the  river, 
following  the  most  fertile  land  as  It  was  discovered,  and  finally  located 
where  it  now  is. 

For  years  at  a  time  it  was  cut  off  from  all  official  connection  with  Mex- 
ico and  lost  sight  of.  The  church  neglected  it  and  the  government  ignored 
it.  but  the  Indians  were  friendly,  and  the  European  settlers,  cut  off  from 
home  and  friends,  dwelt  among  them  and  became  almost  as  they  were. 

When  the  missionaries,  more  than  a  century  later,  entered  the  country 
again,  they  found  many  of  their  own  race  to  welcome  and  aid  them,  and 
(his  accounts  for  the  easy  manner  in  which  the  people  were  converted.  It 
took  only  three  years  (1690-3)  to  establish  a  chain  of  prosperous  missions 
along  the  Santa  Cruz  valley,  and  Father  Kino  was  never  able  to  induce 
more  than  a  few  priests  to  come  to  his  assistance! 

The  city  of  Tucson  will  always  be  an  interesting  spot 
The  CitV  Of  *°  ^^e  student  °*  antiquities,  but  he  must  come  here 

soon  to  get  the  best  results,  for  the  antiquities  are  fast 
AgfCS.  disappearing  before  the  march  of  progress  and  the  ruth- 

less hand  of  the  curiosity  seeker. 

The  adobe  walls  that  formed  the  battlements-  of  the  old  Mexican  pueblo 
have  crumbled  away,  the  mission  ruins  are  disintegrating,  the  ancient  cit- 
ies are  being  plowed  up,  the  Indians  are  learning  English  and  wearing 
store  clothes,  and  some  vandals  have  even  gone  so  far  as  to  chip  off  the 
faces  of  the  painted  rocks. 

While  it  is  the  city  of  ages,  it  has  been  embued  with  the  gift  of  perpet- 
ual vigor  and  robust  youth.  It  grows  brighter,  better  and  bigger  every 
year,  and  the  stimulus  of  its  increasing  prosperity  courses  through  every 
artery  of  its  social  and  commercial  life. 

In  the  dawn  of  its  existence,  when  Indian  chants  wooed  the  gentle 
zephyrs  and  the  daily  siesta  was  unbroken  in  the  sunny  silence,  it  watched 
the  passing  of  the  uneventful  years  with  listless  gaze.  Its  dusky  inhab- 
itants reveled  in  the  luxury  of  idleness,  and  drew  dreamy  intoxication  from 
the  balmy  ozone  of  the  skies. 

We  were  not  here  at  the  time,  but  we  have  often  felt  the  gentle  influ- 
ence upon  us,  and  can  verify  the  above  if  required  to  do  so. 

Later  on,  hostile  assaults  from  northern  savage  hordes  bestirred  to 
action  the  encompassed  denizens,  and  ceaseless  warfare  changed  their 
sweet  repose  to  years  of  deadly  strife. 

Then  came  the  holy  fathers  from  the  South,  and  mail-clad  warriors  and 
thundering  guns,  mud-walled  forts  and  all  the  bustling  energy  of  Chris- 
tianity, to  be  again  succeeded  by  a  still  more  aggressive  race,  the  one  that 
rules  to-day. 

Its  perpetuity  is  one  of  the  curiosities  of  this  land  of  ancient  marvels. 
Race  after  race  has  dwelt  here  and  vanished,  leaving  hardly  a  record  of  its 
history  beyond  the  mouldering  ruins  found  on  hill  and  plain;  but  the  same 
mild  air  and  sunlit  sky  that  made  this  a  happy  home  for  them  is  ours 
to-day! 

While  Gens.  Scott  and  Taylor  were  invading  Mexico  and 
TllCSOn  in  writing  in  letters  of  blood  the  preamble  to  the  treaty  of 

Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  which  added  an  empire  to  our  na- 
1847.  tional  domain,  Tucson  was  a  small  square  of  adobes, 

often  assailed  by  savage  Apaches,  and  never  free  from 
peril.  There  were  then  about  twenty-five  Mexican  families  living  within 
a  walled  square  of  small  extent,  which  constituted  the  town  proper,  and  a 
small  detachment  of  Mexican  frontier  guards.  There  were  two  entrances 
by  immense  doors  made  of  heavy  timber  put  solidly  together,  and  these 
\vore  invariably  closed  nt  night.  The  rear  of  the  houses  adjoining  the 
walls  were  built  four  or  five  feet  higher  than  the  front,  which  faced  in- 


112 


Treasure  La  ml. 


ward,  thus  making  an  effective  breastwork  of  about  twelve  feet  in  height. 
It  was  commanded  by  three  bastions,  set  at  the  corners  where  attack  was 
most  feared,  and  so  constructed  as  to  infilade  the  walls,  as  well  as  to  in- 
timidate the  approaching  enemy.  Artillery  was  suggested  by  two  small 
cannon,  more  dangerous,  however,  to  the  garrison  than  to  the  enemy. 

From  some  of  the  old  settlers  we  learn  that  the  enclosure  occupied 
the  space  bounded  as  follows:  Beginning  at  Washington  street,  thence  south 
to  Pennington;  up  Pennington  to  about  the  middle  of  the  court  house; 
thence  north  to  Washington  street,  .along  Washington  street  to  place  of  be- 
ginning. One  of  the  entrances  stood  where  Alameda  street  enters  Main, 
and  some  of  the  old  wall  has  been  used  in  the  construction  of  modern 
buildings. 

Besides  the  town  square  there  was  another  smaller  enclosure  occupying 
the  block  east  of  the  Occidental  hotel,  where  trade  was  carried  on  with  the 
Indians  and  the  cattle  herded  at  night. 


1.    Indian  Industrial  School. 
2     Pimu  County  Court  House. 
3.    Tucson  High  School. 


Judge  Chas.  M.  Meyer  and  Jimmy  Douglas,  who  prided 
The  First  himself  on  carrying  six  bullets  in  his  revolver  and  one 

in  his  leg,  a  relic  of  Gettysburg,  were  responsible  for  the 
Cham  Gang.          first  chain-gang  in  the  territory. 

Twenty  years  ago  no  place  was  worse  governed  Ihan 

Tucson,  and  Judge  Meyer  and  Jimmy  were  appointed  a  committee  of  two 
lo  effect  a  change.  The  first  thing  they  did  was  to  establish  a  chain-gang. 
and  enlist  in  its  ranks  every  offender  that  was  caught.  Jimmy  did  mosi 
of  the  catching,  and  the  judge  "sent  them  up."  The  shyster  lawyers  \vho 
had  been  running  the  machinery  of  justice  to  suit  themselves,  tried  to  over- 
throw the  chain-gang  with  the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  but  their 
efforts  availed  nothing,  as  the  judge  did  not  propose  to  fool  with  the  const i- 
Uition  until  he  had  thoroughly  tested  the  chain-gang.  His  process  was  as 
summary  as  the  result  was  gratifying,  and  in  a  short  time  all  the  wild, 
rough  characters  who  had  ruled  the  town  were  employing  their  energies 
in  rubbing  down  its  streets. 

Judge  Meyer  has  been  justice  of  the  peace  or  recorder  ever  since,  and 
is  confirmed  in  his  habit  of  making  the  punishment  fit  the  crime. 


The  City  of  Ages:    Tucson.  11.' J 

M.-uiy  of  our  old  settlers  were  army  men  who  dropped 

OnlV  a  SUDDlV  out  of  tne  service  wnen  tae  war  was  over,  convinced  that 
promotion  in  civil  life  would  come  swifter  and  higher. 
Post  in  1871.  Among  these  was  the  Hon.  Chas.  R.  Drake,  who  reached 
here  twenty-five  years  ago,  when  Tucson  was  a  small 
frontier  supply  post.  Two  companies  of  the  Twenty-first  infantry,  com- 
manded by  Col.  Dunn,  were  quartered  in  tents  on  Military  plaza.  The  set- 
tlement was  then  confined  to  that  part  of  the  city  lying  along  Main  street, 
between  Congress  and  Ott,  and  east  to  Meyer  street.  The  firms  then  doing 
business  were  A.  &  L.  Zeckendorf,  E.  N.  Fish  &  Co.,  Goldberg  &  Drach- 
man,  Lord  &  Williams,  Tully,  Ocha  &  Co.,  and  Chas.  Lesinsky  &  Co.,  and 
of  these  but  one  survives,  the  firm  of  L.  Zeckendorf  &  Co.  Old  Congress 
Hall  stood  where  it  stands  to-day,  under  the  management  of  C.  O.  Brown. 
There  were  none  of  the  modern  facilities  or  conveniences.  If  one  wanted 
to  visit  the  outer  world  he  had  to  take  a  stage  journey  of  500  miles  to  San 
Diego,  thence  by  steamer  to  San  Francisco,  or  a  900-mile  stage  trip  to 
Trinidad,  Colo.,  the  nearest  railroad  point  on  the  east,  with  all  the  chances 
in  the  world  of  meeting  Indians.  Eastern  products  were  hauled  from  Trini- 
dad by  ox  and  mule  teams,  and  supplies  from  the  West  came  from  San 
Francisco' by  way  of  the  Colorado  river  to  Yuma,  and  thence  by  teams  to 
Tucson.  Groceries  were  extremely  high  in  price;  common  table  salt  cost 
twenty  cents  a  pound;  potatoes  and  onions,  twenty-five  cents;  bacon  and 
ham.  fifty  cents;  coffee,  seventy-five  cents,  and  other  staples  in  proportion. 

The  population  was  about  1,500,  principally  Mexicans,  and  there  were 
only  two  American  ladies  outside  of  those  belonging  to  the  military  post. 

Our  entire  dependence  was  on  the  army  until  the  discovery  of  the  Tomb- 
stone mines  and  the  arrival  of  the  railroad  brought  us  an  increase  of  popu- 
lation and  incited  us  to  turn  our  attention  to  some  of  our  natural  resources. 

Hard  times  followed  the  heavy  decline  in  silver,  but  we  lived  in  hopes 
of  an  improvement,  which  eventually  came.  Up  to  1888  it  was  almost  im- 
possible to  borrow  money  on  real  estate,  and  hence  few  people  invested  in 
homes.  The  establishment  of  a  building  and  loan  association  worked  a 
marvelous  change.  Snug  homes  arose  as  if  by  magic,  and  people  learned 
that  they  could  live  as  comfortably  here  as  elsewhere.  The  railroad  and 
mines  afforded  us  a  permanent  income,  and  our  prosperity  began  to  un- 
fold and  gather  in  a  hundred  hitherto  unperceived  resources,  until  to-day  it 
is  positively  assured. 

We  need  many  public  improvements  in  order  to  keep  up  with  the 
changed  conditions.  Our  water  works  are  inadequate  for  the  needs  of  the 
new  Tucson,  and  a  system  of  sewerage  is  desirable. 

Mr.  Drake  has  an  elegant  home,  facing  on  Military  plaza  and  embow- 
ered in  verdure,  and  feels  contented  to  pass  the  rest  of  his  days  here  and 
see  his  children  carry  forward  the  good  work  he  has  begun. 

_  The  arrival  of  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad  put  us  in 

touch  with  the  outside  world,  and  did  more  for  the  up- 
Black  Horse          building  of  Arizona  than  any  event  in  its  history. 
P        ,  The  first  through  train  reached  Yuma,  December  15, 

ury.  1878,  and  the  work  of  construction  was  continued  to  Casa 

<;rande,  at  which  point  it  rested  for  a  year,  and  was  not  completed  to 
Tucson  until  March  20,  1880. 

The  driving  of  the  silver  spike  was  a  gala  day.  Bob  Leatherwood  was 
mayor,  and  Dr.  .T.  C.  Handy,  Chas.  T.  Etchells,  M.  G.  Samaniego  and  my 
M'lf.  councilmen.  I  wrote  over  to  Dick  Gird,  of  The  Tombstone  Mining  and 
Milling  Company,  for  a  silver  spike,  which  he  made  from  the  first  product 
of  the  Toughnut  mine;  and  the  late  William  S.  Oury  presented  it,  with  a 
speech  of  welcome,  to  the  railroad  officials  and  their  staff.  The  presenta- 
tion was  followed  by  a  grand  banquet,  at  which  300  covers  were  laid. 
Tom  Fitch,  the  silver-tongued  orator,  paid  a  merited  tribute  to  the  energy 


114 


Treasure  Land. 


and  enterprise  of  Huntington,  Crocker  and  Stanford,  in  a  speech  filled  with 
flowery  rhetoric,  and  eulogized  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad  as  the  "Black 
Horse  Cavalry  of  the  Plains,  the  great  civilizers  of  the  world!" 

The  mere  statement  of  the  revenue  of  a  city  is  no  in- 
A  Good  dication  of  its  condition  or  the  character  of  its  govern- 

ment, but  the  application  of  its  income  is  all-important, 
Showing1.  and  applying  this  test  to  Tucson  we  can  make  a  show- 

ing that  challenges  comparison.  It  is  hardly  fair  to 
•assume  that  this  was  due  to  the  personale  of  the  city  council,  for  in  a 
small  community,  such  as  this,  where  everyone  knows  his  neighbor,  the 
public  officers  come  very  near  representing  the  people. 

The  total  assessed  value  of  city  property  in  1896  was  $1,400,000,  upon 
which  there  was  levied  a  tax  of  1  per  cent.,  or  $14,000,  to  which  we  add 
the  product  of  licenses,  $8,000,  making  a  total  of  $22,000.  Of  this  amount 
there  was  expended  by  the  city  for  street  improvement  about  $10,000 
(the  balance  being  used  to  meet  running  expenses),  besides  which  the 
property  owners  themselves  expended  at  least  $20,000  for  the  same  pur- 
pose. This  has  been  done  without  running  into  debt,  the  only  outstanding 
city  obligation  being  its  bonded  indebtedness  of  $28,000. 

If  this  is  not  an  indication  of  good  management  and  progressive  spirit 
we  ask  to  be  introduced  to  something  that  is. 


Tucsox  RESIDENCES : 


1.  Dr.  W.  H.  Feniier. 

2.  R.  T.  Millar. 

3.  T.  D.  Satterwhite. 

4.  W.  W.  Williams. 


The  City  of  Ages:    Tucson. 


115 


Law  and 

Order 

in  Tucson. 


The  great  West  has  always  been  the  refuge  for  those 
daring  spirits  who  found  the  restraints  of  polished  civ- 
ilization irksome  to  thought  and  action.  Some  of  them 
were  corrupted  by  evil  associations  and  the  weakness  of 
generous  impulses,  but  those  of  firmer  character  became 
the  leaders  of  public  life  or  the  guardians  of  law  and  order,  and  the 
employment  of  such  men  in  the  constabulary  force  of  the  territory  has 
made  it  one  of  the  most  law-abiding  sections  of  the  country.  Our  crime 
record  compares  favorably  with  that  of  any  state  or  territory,  and  shows 
conclusively  that  we  are  a  self-governing  people. 

To  the  casual  visitor,  as  well  as  to  the  student  of  social  statistics,  the 
following  report  of  crimes  committed  in  Tucson  at  three  widely  separated 
periods  will  be  interesting. 

It  has  been  specially  compiled  for  us  by  the  efficient  chief  of  police, 
Mr.  Sam  Finley,  who  has  established  for  himself  an  enviable  reputation 
ns  one  of  the  bravest  and  most  gentlemanly  guardians  of  the  peace  in 
the  Southwest 

As  samples  of  intervening  years  he  shows  the  total  number  of  arrests 
made  by  the  Tucson  police  force  during  the  years  1885,  1890  and  1896, 
and  it  will  be  seen  that,  taking  into  consideration  the  increase  in  popula- 
tion, that  there  has  been  a  very  material  decrease.  It  must  also  be 
borne  in  mind  that  a  large  proportion  of  material  was  furnished  by  vag- 
rants who  resort  here  in  the  winter  and  for  these  we  can  not  be  held 
responsible.  Mr.  Finley  has  been  a  resident  of  Tucson  for  fourteen  years, 
and  feels  justified  in  stating  that  there  is  no  quieter  or  more  orderly 
town  in  the  West. 

In  1885  there  were  twelve  policemen  and  a  marshal  required  to  re- 
strain the  lawless  element,  while  to-day  there  is  but  slight  occupation  for 
ihree  policemen  and  himself.  This  in  itself  shows  the  great  change  that 
has  taken  place  in  ten  years.  The  number  of  arrests  made  for  carrying 
concealed  weapons  is  comparatively  small,  and  many  of  the  offenders 
were  merely  technical  violators  of  the  law  and  not  dangerous  people  at  all. 
It  will,  no  doubt,  surprise  many,  who  have  formed  their  opinions  of 
us  from  reading  the  caricature  stories  of  the  Arizona  Kicker,  that  murder 
nn  arson  are  almost  unknown  here. 


STATEMENT  OF  ARRESTS  IN  TUCSON. 


18f 

35. 

18! 

X). 

18i 

K>. 

Res. 

Non- 
Res. 

Res. 

Non- 
Res. 

Res. 

Non- 
Res. 

Drunk,  and  drunk  and  disorderly. 
Misdemeanors  

218 
40 

37 
1 

214 
31 

23 

9 

237 

57 

54 
6 

Breach  of  peace  

19 

2 

22 

o 

21 

6 

Assault  and  battery          

20 

1 

30 

1 

(i 

0 

Concealed  weapons              

5 

1 

9 

3 

9 

4 

Petty  larceny  

39 

4 

30 

1 

o 

1 

Robbery                                 

9 

o 

o 

o 

0 

o 

Vagrancy                                   

13 

134 

9 

104 

13 

273 

Insane    

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Grand  larceny  ...          

12 

1 

0 

1 

0 

0 

Rape  

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Burglarv 

4 

o 

0 

0 

o 

0 

Assault  to  murder      

7 

0 

4 

0 

o 

] 

False  pretences  

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

Felony  

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

116- 


Treasure  Lm/<l. 


,  The  Whipping 

Post 
in  Tucson. 


When  the  Mexican  troops  left  Tucson  after  the  transfer 
of  the  country,  Juan  Elias  was  alcalde,  and  continued 
to  administer  justice  in  the  Mexican  fashion,  which  was 
not  satisfactory  to  the  Americans,  and  these  appointed 
Maj.  Mark  Aldridge,  partner  of  Sol.  Warner  in  the 
merchandise  business,  as  justice  of  the  peace.  There  was  no  jail  in  which 
to  confine  offenders  and  no  provision  for  the  expenses  of  the  justice,  so 
the  whipping  post  was  adopted.  The  sentences  imposed  a  penalty  of 
from  thirty  to  sixty  lashes  on  the  bare  back  and  the  post  was  set  up 
at  the  corner  of  Ott  street.  The  offender  received  about  half  the  penalty 
on  the  day  of  sentence,  and  after  being  enjoined  to  return  next  day  for 
the  balance  was  turned  loose.  Only  one  man  ever  reported. 

In  order  to  meet  the  expenses  of  the  office,  offenders  who  had  the 
means  were  permitted  to  pay  a  fine,  and  this  form  of  justice  was  main- 
tained for  about  three  years.  The  results  were  entirely  satisfactory. 


CITY  OFFICERS  :    l.    Sam.  Finley,  Marshal. 

2.  L  D.  Chillson,  Engineer. 

3.  C.  T.  Council,  Recorder. 


Building  and 


About   200   buildings   have  been   erected   and   improved 
by  additions  during  the  last  year,  and  at  present  there 
are  eighteen  in   actual   course   of   construction,   not  in- 
Material.  eluding  those  for  which  contracts  are  made  but  actual 

building  not  begun,  and  in  this  class  are  the  A.  O.  U.W. 
building,  to  cost  $30,000;  the  Masonic  temple  and  opera  house,  $25,000; 
the  addition  to  the  university,  $10,000,  and  several  business  blocks. 

All   our  mechanics   have   had   constant   employment  at   good    AVM^IS. 
ranging  from  $2.50  to  $5  per  diem. 

We  are  indebted  to  Mr.  J.  Knox  Corbett,  the  lumber  merchant,   for 
the  following  prices  of  building  material  now  ruling  here: 

Lumber—  Oregon  pine,  $27.50  per  1,000  feet;  California  pine,  $25;  sur 
face  redwood,  $40,  and  rough  redwood,  $32.50. 

Bricks  of  good  quality,  $8  per  1,000  laid  in  the  wall. 
Lime,  $9  per  ton;  Portland  cement,  $9  per  barrel  of  400  pounds. 
Mr.  Corbett  has  been  a  resident  of  Tucson  for  many  years  and   lias 
never  before  noted  such  activity  in  all  lines  of  business,  and  a  si  ranger 
might  infer  that  we  were  enjoying  a  boom.    There  is  none,  however,  for  no 
foreign   capital   is  being  used:   whatever  is  spent   comes   from   our  own 
people,  who  have  sufficient  confidence  in  the  future  to  invest  their  savings 
where  they  were  made.     This  he  regards  as  the  surest  evidence  of  per- 
manent prosperity. 


The  City  of  Ages:    Tucson.  117 

One  of  the  most  important  considerations  in  the  choice 
of  a  new  home  is  the  cost  of  living,  and  upon  this  sub- 
Cost  Of  Living.  ject  we  present  the  following,  which  with  slight  varia- 
tions may  be  relied  upon  for  all  seasons  of  the  year 
as  the  ruling  retail  prices  for  staple  necessaries: 

Bacon— Gold  Band,  highest  grade,  12%  to  14  cents  per  pound;  medium 
grade,  10  to  12  cents  per  pound. 

Beans — Pink  and  white,  3  to  4  cents  per  pound. 

Canned  Goods— Best  quality  table  fruits,  2%-pound  cans,  $1.70  per 
dozen;  pie  fruits,  2%-pound  cans,  $1.30  per  dozen;  tomatoes,  2%-pound 
cans,  $1.10  per  dozen;  jams  and  jellies,  2-pound  cans,  $1.50  per  dozen; 
salmon,  1-pound  cans,  $1.35  per  dozen;  oysters,  1-pound  cans,  $1.25  per 
dozen;  corn,  1-pound  cans,  $1.10  per  dozen;  Eagle  milk,  $2.20  per  dozen. 

Butter — Best  fresh,  Arizona  and  imported,  35  cents  per  roll. 

Coffee — Highest  grade,  green,  35  cents  per  pound;  medium,  green,  20 
to  25  cents  per  pound;  roasted,  best  Mocha  and  Java,  40  cents  per  pound. 

Cheese — Best  imported  cream,  15  to  18  cents  per  pound. 

Eggs— Ranch,  20  to  35  cents  a  dozen. 

Flour— Eastern  extra,  per  sacks  of  50  pounds,  $1.75  to  $1.90  per  sack; 
California,  per  sacks  of  50  pounds,  $1.50  to  $1.75  per  sack;  local,  per  sacks 
of  50  pounds,  $1.40  to  $1.50. 

Fruits— Kaisius,  London  layer,  10  to  15  cents  per  pound;  currants, 
imported,  10  to  12%  cents  per  pound;  apples,  evaporated,  10  to  12%  cents 
per  pound;  Peaches,  evaporated,  10  to  12%  cents  per  pound;  apricots, 
12%  to  15  cents  per  pound.  Fresh  in  season  at  reasonable  rates. 

Fish— Fresh  from  Guaymas  and  Los  Angeles,  12%  to  15  cents  per 
pound. 

J lam— Gold  Band,  highest  grade,  13  to  15  cents  per  pound;  medium, 
10  to  12  cents  per  pound. 

Lard— Pure,  in  tins,  8  to  10  cents  per  pound. 

Meats— Beef,  alfalfa-fed,  prime  cuts,  10  cents  per  pound;  porterhouse 
steaks.  lf»  cents  per  pound;  sirloin  steaks,  12%  cents  per  pound;  ordinary, 
<:  to  10  cents  per  pound;  corned,  8  cents  per  pound.  Mutton,  prime  cuts. 
12%  cents  per  pound;  ordinary,  10  cents  per  pound.  Veal,  10  to  12% 
cents  per  pound.  Pork,  12%  cents  per  pound;  sausages,  12%  cents  per 
pound.  Game  in  season:  Bear-meat,  12%  cents  per  pound;  venison,  12% 
cents  per  pound. 

Poultry— Chickens,  $4  to  $7  per  dozen;  turkeys,  14  to  20  cents  per 
pound. 

Rice,  8  cents  per  pound. 

Sugar— Cube,  13  pounds  for  $1;  granulated,  14  pounds  for  $1;  Golden 
C.,  15  pounds  for  $1. 

Salt— Table,  10-pound  sacks,  12%  to  15  cents. 

Soap— Ten-ounce  borax,  5  cents  a  bar. 

Tea,  from  20  to  85  cents  per  pound. 

Vegetables,  fresh  from  local  gardens,  nominal.  A  large  family  can 
be  supplied  with  vegetables  in  season  at  an  average  cost  of  fifteen  cents 
per  diem. 

Potatoes,  $1.35  to  $2  per  100  pounds;  onions,  $2  to  $3  per  100  pounds. 

Dry  goods  and  clothing  can  be  purchased  at  a  slight  advance  on  East- 
ern prices. 

Rents  are  reasonable,  houses  bringing  at  the  rate  of  $5  per  month 
per  room  or  less,  and  furnished  rooms  $8  per  month  and  upwards.  Hotel 
rates  vary  according  to  service  and  accommodations  from  $1.50  to  $4 
per  diem. 

Restaurant  living  costs  from  $4  to  $7  per  week. 


118 


Treasure  Land. 


Department. 


Tucson's  first  serious  fire  took  place  in  1880,  and  led 
to  the  temporary  organization  of  a  fire  department. 
This  organization  was  recognized  by  the  city  in  1883, 
and  formally  established  as  the  fire  department  of 
Tucson.  A  building  and  fire  bell  tower  were  erected  at 
a  cost  of  about  $4,000,  and  an  equipment  supplied.  This  equipment  now 
comprises  a  large  chemical  engine,  hook  and  ladder  and  two  hose  carts 
with  1,000  feet  of  first-class  hose.  The  water  supply  being  poor  and 
under  very  small  pressure,  the  equipment  was  never  efficient  until  the 
chemical  engine  was  purchased  by  the  city.  The  department  has  a  ineni 
bership  of  forty-five  volunteers,  who  readily  respond  to  every  call,  and 
the-officers  are:  Chief,  J.  D.  Boleyn;  assistant,  Frank  Saladin;  Win.  Reid, 
foreman  and  treasurer;  secretary,  Al.  Ezekiels;  steward,  Rich.  Brophy. 


The  yearly  volume  of  inland  freighting  from  Tucson  by 

Teaming"  and        teams    is    estimated    to    exceed    2,000    tons    of    general 

merchandise,  which,  added   to  the  amount   shipped  by 

Staging.  railroad,  incalculably  greater,  and  that  consumed  locally, 

indicates  the  condition  of  business  here.    Stage  lines  run 

from  here,  making  daily,  weekly  or  semi-weekly  trips  to  all  important  set- 

tlements, such  as  Nogales,  Arivaca,  Oro  Blanco,  Oracle,  Quijotoa  and  Great- 

erville. 

Lately  a  stage  line  has  been  established  to  meet  the  requirements  of 
the  mining  companies  operating  in  the  mining  districts  south  of  the  line, 
so  that  our  facilities  for  communication  are  almost  complete. 

It  is  more  than  possible  that,  UOAV  that  the  Southern  Pacific  company 
has  acquired  the  ownership  of  the  Sonoi-a  railway,  that  a  line  of  road  will 
be  run  from  Tucson  to  Calabasas,  thus  facilitating  mining  and  agricultural 
operations  in  the  Santa  Cruz  valley  and  adjoining  country. 

One  of  the  attractions  of  Tucson  is  the  facilities  for  ac- 
quiring  the  Spanish  language.  It  is  spoken  more  or  less 
by  seven-eighths  of  our  population,  and  this  makes  its 
acquisition  seem  easy. 

While   the   language   is  several   degrees   easier  than 

Chinese,  it  is  difficult  enough  to  give  trouble,  and  you  realize  this  when 
you  have  tried  to  master  it  in  six  lessons. 

There  is  one  sensible  thing  about  it—  the  alphabet  means  something. 
You  can  not  take  a  handful  of  letters  and  call  them  a  word,  as  we  do  in 


Spanish. 


The  City  of  A(/es:    Tucson.  119 

English.  Utility  is  not  sacrificed  to  architectural  beauty,  as  in  Chinese,  and 
if  you  wish  to  speli  a  word,  you  enunciate  its  component  sounds,  if  you 
happen  to  remember  them,  and  get  the  letters.  Desiring  the  word,  you 
gently  call  the  letters  by  their  baptismal  names,  and  you  have  it.  In  our 
own  anti-phonetic  language,  the  spelling  is  for  protective  purposes,  but  iu 
Spanish  we  spell  for  revenue  only! 

The  writer  has  been  introduced  to  several  patented  methods  of  learning 
Spanish  in  a  week  or  two,  but  never  cultivated  their  acquaintance.  Next 
to  acquiring  it  before  any  other  language,  the  best  way  is  to  live  iu  Tucson 
for  a  year,  employ  a  good  teacher,  and  then  work  on  it  as  if  you  had  to  do 
it  for  a  living. 

Those  who  are  familiar  with  the  difficulties  and  dau- 
Our  Public  ^ers  *^at  surrounded  the  pioneers  of  Arizona  can  ap- 

preciate the  constancy,  perseverance  and  unselfishness 
Schools.  of  those  who  isolated  themselves  from  civilizing  in- 

fluences and  faced  the  dreaded  Apache  to  establish  here 
a  system  of  public  education  that  would  rear  a  commonwealth  of  intelli- 
gent and  responsible  men  and  women.  Where  once  stood  crude  adobe 
school  houses,  magnificent  buildings  now  stand  as  monuments  to  the  work 
of  the  early  pioneers.  Where  once  gathered  a  lonely  few  in  constant 
dread  of  murderous  Indians,  may  now  be  heard  the  joyous  shouts  of 
thousands  of  Arizona  boys  and  girls  as  they  enjoy  their  games  on  the 
school  grounds,  adorned  with  trees  and  flowers,  and  those  who  have  lived 
to  witness  this  grand  transformation  can  well  be  proud  of  their  noble 
work  for  Arizona. 

Gov.  P.  K.  Safford  is  justly  deserving  of  the  title  of  "Father  of  the 
Public  Schools  of  Arizona,"  for  although  he  was  not  in  the  territory  when 
the  first  efforts  were  made  to  establish  common  schools,  it  was  due  to 
liis  personal  efforts  that  the  excellent  system  now  existing  was  firmly 
planted. 

The  first  public  school  of  Tucson,  and  probably  of  Arizona  was  taught 
in  the  spring  of  1869  by  Mr.  Augustus  Brichta.  The  school  was  opened  in 
an  adobe  building  with  dirt  floor  and  roof,  in  the  rear  of  the  store  now 
owned  and  occupied  by  L.  Zeckendorf  &  Co.  He  enrolled  fifty-five  pupils, 
all  boys.  The  trustees  were  Hon.  John  B.  Allen,  W.  S.  Oury  and  W.  W. 
Williams. 

The  next  session  was  opened  in  1871,  by  Prof.  John  A.  Spring,  in  a 

.  building  on  the  northwest  corner  of  Meyer  and  McCormick  streets.     He 

taught  fifteen  months  and  enrolled  138  boys,  95  per  cent,  of  whom  were 

Spanish-speaking.     Messrs.  W.  F.  Scott,  Samuel  Hughes  and  W.  C.  Davis 

were  the  school  trustees  at  that  time. 

In  1871  the  Sisters  of  St.  Joseph  established  an  academy  for  girls, 
furnishing  free  tuition  to  indigent  pupils. 

In  the  summer  of  1872,  Mrs.  L.  C.  Hughes  opened  a  school  for  girls 
in  a  house  in  Levin's  park. 

The  following  year,  Miss  Harriet  Bolton,  later  Mrs.  John  Wasson,  and 
Miss  Maria  Wakefield,  now  Mrs.  E.  N.  Fish,  took  charge  of  the  public 
schools  of  Tucson.  The  schools  were  kept  in  a  building  adjacent  to  the 
site  of  the  present  city  hall. 

The  Congress  Street  school  was  completed  iu  1874,  the  trustees  being 
Hons.  R.  N.  Leatherwood,  Samuel  Hughes  and  Estevan  Ochoa.  The 
citizens  of  Tucson  contributed  liberally  to  the  funds  necessary  to  com- 
plete said  building,  and  at  one  of  the  many  socials  given  to  raise  money, 
a  cake  was  sold  and  re-sold,  until  the  proceeds  aggregated  more  than 
$200.  Hon.  R.  N.  Leatherwood  was  the  last  purchaser,  and  after  paying 
the  price,  distributed  the  cake  among  the  school  children.  The  lumber 
used  in  the  porch  was  donated  by  the  officers  of  Fort  Grant,  and  was 
hauled,  free  of  charge,  by  Tully  &  Ochoa. 


120  Treasure  Land. 

Prof.  W.  B.  Horton,  a  native  of  Scotland,  and  a  graduate  of  a  college 
of  Edinburg,  was  elected  principal  of  the  Tucson  schools  in  the  fall  of 
1874.  His  assistants  were  Ygnacio  Bonillas  (now  a  prominent  civil  and 
mining  engineer),  who  took  charge  of  the  boys'  department,  and  Miss 
Packard,  who  conducted  the  female  department. 

Miss  Packard  was  succeeded  by  Miss  Nesmith;  Miss  Nesmith  by 
Mrs.  M.  B.  Aguirre,  and  Miss  Nora  Smith  and  Miss  Sallie  Wood  succeeded 
Mrs.  Aguirre. 

In  1881  Prof.  Geo.  C.  Hall  and  his  wife  took  charge  of  the  schools. 
Prof.  M.  M.  Sherman  and  Miss  Nora  Smith  were  his  assistants.  The 
number  of  pupils  enrolled  in  1881  was  281.  The  number  enrolled  in 
1882  was  353. 

In  1883  the  territorial  legislature  authorized  the  school  trustees  to  issue 
bonds  to  the  amount  of  $40,000,  payable  semi-annually,  in  ten  years,  to 
erect  a  high  school  building  in  Tucson.  Bonds  were  readily  sold,  but 
it  is  estimated  that  before  the  building  was  completed  in  1884  it  had  cost 
not  less  than  $56,000. 

Under  the  management  of  Prof.  Hall,  some  important  improvements 
were  made  in  the  Tucson  schools.  A  course  of  instruction  was  prepared; 
the  work  of  grading  was  begun;  the  schools  were  changed  from  having 
separate  male  and  female  departments  to  a  mixed  and  graded  school 
system. 

There  has  been  a  considerable  growth  in  our  schools  since  1885.  In 
that  year  1,330  pupils  were  enumerated,  668  enrolled  and  278  in  regular 
attendance;  now  there  are  1,853  enumerated,  790  enrolled  and  454  in 
regular  attendance. 

The  yearly  term  of  school  varies  from  nine  to  ten  months,  and  at 
present  twelve  graded  teachers  and  a  supervising  principal  are  employed. 

During  the  past  year  the  schools  have  been  carefully  graded  ami 
adjusted  to  a  course  of  study  in  keeping  with  modern  requirements. 
Every  effort  is  put  forth  to  make  the  work  of  the  schools  practical  ami 
thorough,  and  Eastern  people  who  locate  here  will  find  our  schools  equal 
or  superior  to  those  of  their  old  homes. 

The  course  of  study  of  the  Tucson  public  schools  as  now  arranged 
covers  three  years  of  primary  and  five  years  of  grammar  school  work. 
a  total  of  eight  years.  The  completion  of  this  course  prepares  students 
for  admission  to  the  territorial  normal  school  and  to  the  middle  year  of 
the  preparatory  department  of  the  territorial  university.  Those  complet- 
ing the  course  by  public  graduation  are  awarded  a  suitable  certificate. 

Tucson  pays  her  grade  teachers  good  salaries,  and  with  a  nine-mouths' 
term  is  able  to  command  the  best  talent. 

We  believe  more  normal-trained  teachers  will  be  found  among  the 
corps  of  teachers  of  the  Tucson  public  school  than  can  be  found  in  any 
other  school  in  the  territory.  The  normal  schools  of  California,  Rhode 
Island,  Indiana  and  Pennsylvania  are  now  represented  in  our  teaching 
force. 

At  least  three-fourths  of  all  pupils  in  attendance  can  speak  Spanish. 
With  such  an  opportunity  no  bright  pupil  need  complete  the  public  school 
without  having  acquired  a  working  knowledge  of  this  beautiful  and  use 
ful  language. 

The  local  supervision  of  our  schools  is  vested  in  a  board  of  three 
trustees,  elected  for  three  years,  one  member  retiring  each  year.  The 
present  school  officials  are:  J.  Knox  Corbett,  president  of  board  of  trus- 
tees; Dr.  W.  V.  Whitmore,  clerk,  and  C.  F.  Richardson,  member. 

Taxpayers  and  parents  or  guardians  of  children  of  school  age  are  qual- 
ified voters  at  school  elections,  without  regard  to  sex  or  citizenship. 


The  City  of  Agex:    Tucson. 


121 


An  E^Stcr  One  of  our  Eastern  visitors  finds  something  to  admire 

._  in  one  of   our  antique   courtyards,   and  thus   expresses 

Morning  in         himself: 

TuCSOn.  "Most  of  the  old  residences  in  Tucson  have  a  bright 

garden  patch  behind  the  dull  brown  walls,  and  from 
uiy  window,  on  this  glad  Easter  morn,  I  look  upon  as  pretty  a  scene 
as  ever  gladdened  mortal  eye. 

"The  balmy  air  is  laden  with  the  fragrance  of  flowers,  while  the 
linnets  and  cardinals  trill  so  blithely  that  I  can  imagine  myself  in  an 
aviary  filled  with  canaries.  Whoever  made  the  statement  that  there  are 
no  songsters  among  our  native  birds  had  never  visited  Arizona. 

"Above  me  is  a  soft,  blue  sky  that  shimmers  in  the  rosy  sunlight 
which  flashes  over  the  dark  pine-clad  ridges  of  the  Santa  Catalinas,  and 
reaches  me  through  the  opalescent  green  of  a  fringe  of  alamos. 

"Along  one  side  of  the  courtyard  is  a  hedge  of  rose  blooms  and  pearly- 
elder  flowers;  at  the. back  rises  a  mud  wall,  barely  seen  through  a  row 
of  pomegranate  bushes,  whose  dark  green  foliage  is  stained  with  bright 
red  blooms.  On  the  right  roses,  pink  and  white,  and  oleanders,  bloom; 
mignonette,  sweet  peas,  pansies  and  other  flowers  mingle  their  colors 
and  their  perfumes  blend. 

"In  the  center  rises  a  graceful  ash  and  a  drooping  pepper  tree,  over- 
shadowing lilac,  fig  and  almond,  while  above  the  trellised  walk  the 
bright  vine  leaves  quiver." 


TUCSON  RESIDENCES: 


1.  Dr.*F.  A.  Odermatt. 

2.  Dr.  Geo.  W.  Whomes. 

3.  Chas.  R.  Drake. 

4.  Dodge  Block. 


122  Treasure  Land. 

The  Indian  This  school  for  the  training  of  Indian  children  was  es- 

.    .      tr'   1  tublished  by  the  Presbyterian  Board  of  Home  Missions, 

industrial  an(j  Opene(j  January  3,  1888,  under  the  superintendency 

School.  of  Rev.  Howard  Billman. 

The  school  was  designed  to  provide  educational  fa- 
cilities for  the  Pima  and  I'apago  Indians.  Though  now  separate  tribes, 
they  were  originally  one;  their  language  is  essentially  the  same  and  they 
intermingle  in  the  most  friendly  way.  They  have  ever  been  the  in- 
valuable ally  of  the  American  population  against  the  fierce  Apaches;  are 
reasonably  industrious  and  almost  entirely  self-supporting. 

The  present  school  force  consists  of  the  following:  Mr.  F.  S.  Hern- 
don,  superintendent;  Mrs.  F.  S.  Herndon,  Misses  Laura  W.  Piersou,  Minnie 
Atwater,  Lillian  North,  Alice  Brandt,  Bessie  Menaul,  Elizabeth  Rowland 
and  Mrs.  Nellie  Thompson;  Mr.  J.  W.  Martin,  carpenter,  and  T.  L.  Vest, 
a  rgiculturist. 

The  number  of  pupils  last  year  was  125,  comprising  forty-seven  girls 
and  seventy -eight  boys,  the  institution  being  limited  to  this  number  owing 
to  the  financial  condition  of  the  board,  but  150  can  be  accommodated, 
and  200  were  crowded  in  three  years  ago. 

The  school  farm  is  one  mile  west  from  the  school,  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Santa  Cruz  river,  and  contains  forty-two  acres  of  land,  all  under 
cultivation. 

This  institution  is  doing  a  world  of  good  and  deserves  encouragement. 
The  pupils  are  educated  in  practical  matters.  The  girls  attain  great  pro- 
ticiency  in  household  duties  and  are  diligent  and  faithful  servants,  while 
the  boys  make  excellent  farm  hands  and  laborers. 

Whatever  may  be  our  religious  faith,  we  must  respect 
St  Joseph's  those  noble  women  who,  casting  aside  the  pleasures  and 

opportunities  of  the  outer  world,  devote  their  lives 
Academy.  to  the  moral  and  intellectual  advancement  of  youth,  and 

when  their  efforts  result  in  affording  the  young  the 
best  educational  advantages  at  a  minimum  cost,  they  rank  among  our 
great  public  benefactors.  In  this  category  we  classify  the  Sisters  of 
St.  Joseph,  who  in  1870  founded  in  Tucson  an  academy  for  young  ladies, 
and  though  the  institution  is  under  the  auspices  of  the  Catholic  church, 
it  numbers  among  its  students  members  of  other  denominations  from  all 
parts  of  the  country.  The  first  convent  was  near  the  old  cathedral,  but 
the  present  establishment  is  a  handsome  structure  facing  military  plaza, 
which  will  cost,  with  the  alterations  now  being  made,  about  $40,000. 

The  social  condition  of  a  community  is  best  shown  by 

The  Public  ^s  wor^s'  *ne  attention  devoted  to  institutions  designed 

to  promote  its  moral  and  intellectual  welfare,  and  by 

Library.  this  rule  Tucson  not  only  ranks  first  in  the  territory, 

but  excels  many  of  the  towns  of  equal  size  within  a 

hundred  miles  of  Boston. 

The  Tucson  public  library  was  created  by  ordinance  dated  the  5th 
day  of  June,  1883,  but  the  legislative  decree  carried  no  appropriation,  and 
the  matter  slept  till  the  summer  of  1886,  when  the  Tucson  Library  Asso- 
ciation (a  private  organization)  conveyed  to  the  city  of  Tucson,  for  the 
benefit  of  her  citizens,  all  its  property,  provided  the  city  furnished  ac- 
commodations. The  city  council  set  apart  the  upper  story  of  the  city 
hall  for  the  exclusive  use  of  the  public  library,  and  in  July  the  institution 
opened  with  a  catalogue  of  759  volumes,  the  trustees  being  Messrs.  J.  S. 
Mansfeld,  C.  D.  Poston,  C.  B.  Sessions,  Harry  Paterman  and  F.  W.  Grey, 
and  Mesdames  Anderson,  W.  T&.  D.  Scott,  Heil  Hale  and  S.  M.  Manlove! 

We  will  not  chronicle  each  step  of  the  upbuilding  of  this  institution, 
but  point  with  pride  to  its  present  condition.  We  now  have  over  3,000 


The  City  of  Ayes:    Tucson.  123 

volumes  of  the  best  literature,  accessible  to  all  who  desire  to  use  them. 
The  library  has  commodious  quarters  in  the  upper  story  of  the  city  hall, 
lighted  by  electricity,  with  a  librarian  in  attendance  six  hours  of  the 
day  in  winter  and  a  shorter  session  in  summer.  It  is  the  only  public 
library  of  any  size  in  the  territory  and  we  point  to  it  with  just  pride 
as  an  evidence  of  our  social  qualifications.  It  is  not  purely  ornamental, 
either,  as  the  visitor  will  find  upon  examination  of  the  records,  the  books 
ure  read,  nearly  all  of  our  young  people  being  constant  borrowers. 

The  present  board  of  trustees  consists  of  Messrs.  H.  D.  Underwood, 
Rochester  Ford,  H.  W.  Fenner,  and  Mesdames  W.  C.  Davis,  F.  A.  Warren, 
B.  M.  Jacobs  and  Albert  Steinfeld,  the  librarian  being  Mrs.  Batte,  whose 
intelligence  and  affability  do  much  to  sustain  the  popularity  of  the  in- 
stitution. She  is  a  great  reader  herself,  and  knows  that  somewhere  among 
the  volumes  there  exists  a  balm  for  every  ill;  books  to  stimulate  and 
books  to  soothe;  books  for  instruction  and  books  for  ennui,  and  she  can 
prescribe  like  a  physician  for  those  who  want  direction. 

Our  lady  readers  will  be  interested  in  learning  some- 
TllCSOn'S  thing  of  our  "society."  Of  course  we  have  our  "400," 

but  the  dividing  line  is  not  firmly  drawn,  as  people's 
400.  antecedents  are  generally  well  known,  and  undue  pre- 

tension works  its  own  downfall.  We  have  had  no  genu- 
ine scandal  for  years,  and  this  has  compelled  the  few  old  gossips  (male 
and  female)  who  have  foisted  themselves  upon  us,  to  draw  upon  their 
imagination  for  material.  They  are  quite  harmless,  however,  as  no  one  be- 
lieves them,  and  the  very  people  they  assail  are  generally  the  purest  and 
the  best.  Otherwise  the  people  of  Tucson  are  the  most  liberal  and  delightful 
entertainers  in  the  country. 

As  the  conditions  referred  to  make  pretension  absurd  and  scandal  ridic- 
ulous, everything  is  done  in  a  free  and  generous  manner,  peculiarly  West- 
ern, and  yet  with  consummate  elegance  and  good  taste.  There  is  so  much 
musical  and  other  talent  that  during  the  winter  season  the  evenings  at 
home,  the  multi-colored  and  polyglot  teas,  the  card  parties  and  other 
divertissements,  afford  a  round  of  intellectual  enjoyment. 

Our  ladies  dress  in  the  latest  fashions  and  are,  on  all  matters  of  taste, 
fully  up  to  date.  Sealskin  cloaks  are  not  worn,  and  lady  visitors  can  limit 
their  wardrobe  to  spring  fabrics,  with  suggestions  of  summer  lightness, 
with  a  wrap  of  medium  weight  for  evening  wear. 

It  is  now  nearly  nine  years  ago  that  a  number  of  niusic- 
PhilarmoniC         loving  Spanish-Americans,  under  the  leadership  of  Mr. 
p.   .  Fred.  Ronstadt,  organized  the  "Club  Filannonico  Tuc- 

sonense,"  and  to  this  gentleman's  patience  and  energy  are 
Of  TllCSOn.  chiefly  due  its  permanence  and  proficiency.  Its  instru- 

ments are  the  best  procurable,  and  as  an  interpreter  of 
Spanish  and  Mexican  music  it  has  no  equals  in  the  United  States  and 
few  superiors  in  Mexico.  It  has  given  public  concerts  in  different  parts 
of  Arizona  and  in  the  principal  cities  of  Southern  California,  being  every- 
where received  with  enthusiasm.  Its  members  are  all  Spanish-Americans, 
and  no  brighter  or  more  intelligent  faces  can  be  found  in  any  community. 
The  club  has  lately  amalgamated,  for  musical  purposes,  with  the  militia 
band,  and  during  the  summer  season  the  two  unite  to  give  public  con- 
certs in  one  of  the  city  parks  twice  a  week.  The  officers  of  the  club 
are:  Frederico  Ronstadt,  president  and  leader;  Rufino  Velez.  secretary  and 
treasurer,  nnd  Miguel  T.  Carrillo,  Gerardo  Manzo  and  Carlos  Jacome, 
directors. 


124 


Treasure  Land. 


Grace 

Episcopal 

Church. 


Qburcbes, 


On  the  30th  of  November,  1881,  a  small  company  of  ladies 
interested  in  the  establishment  of  an  Episcopal  church 
in  Tucson  met  and  organized  a  society  for  its  promo- 
tion. In  May,  1883,  a  lot  for  a  church  building  was  pur- 
chased at  a  cost  of  $1,000,  and  seven  years  later  the  con- 
struction of  a  church  building  was  begun,  the  funds  being  obtained  chiefly 
from  private  subscriptions,  Mrs.  Marian  Calvert  Wilson  having  alone  ob- 
tained nearly  $1,000  for  this  purpose.  On  Easter  morning,  April  2,  1893,  the 
Rev.  W.  L.  Githens  conducted  the  first  service  in  the  ne\\  church,  which 
was  dedicated  by  Bishop  J.  Mills  Kendrick  in  the  presence  of  a  large  con- 
gregation in  1897.  The  request  to  consecrate  was  read  by  Mr.  J.  Geo. 
Hilzinger,  on  behalf  of  the  church  committee. 


TUCSON  CHURCHES  :    1.    Episcopal 

2.  Congregational. 

3.  Methodist. 

The  residents  of  Tucson  to  whom  the  members  of  the  Episcopal  church 
are  most  indebted  for  the  carrying  out  of  this  great  work  of  church  build- 
ing, and  not  already  mentioned,  are  Mesdames  Nellie  Pomroy,  James  Buell. 
W.  T.  Gibbons,  B.  M.  Jacobs,  C.  M.  Burkhalter  and  J.  M.  Ornisby,  Messrs. 
J.  M.  Ormsby,  Chas.  R.  Drake,  H.  D.  Underwood,  J.  K.  Gooding,  C.  M. 
Burkhalter,  F.  A.  Gully,  Thos.  F.  Wilson  and  Selim  M.  Franklin. 

The  present  minister  is  the  Rev.  V.  O.  Gee,  of  Bowling  Green,  Ky.,  who 
assumed  charge  in  March,  1896,  and  the  church  committee  consists  of 'the 
following  gentlemen:  W.  W.  Williams,  warden;  C.  M.  Burkhalter,  M.  1'. 
Dodge,  D.  F.  Brown  and  J.  Geo.  Hilzinger. 

In  the  death  of  Mrs.  S.  L.  Pomroy,  .in  1895,  Grace  church  met  with  i\ 
great  loss.  She  was  one  of  its  founders  and  always  an  efficient  member. 

For  church  work  there  is  a  Ladies'  guild  and  the  Bessie  Edgar  Memorial 
guild  of  young  ladies,  members  of  the  congregation.  The  church  is  well 
furnished  and  carpeted,  and  the  services  are  conducted  regularly  through- 
out the  year,  except  for  a  short  period  during  the  heated  term. 


The  City  of  Ages:    Tucson. 


125 


Methodist 

Episcopal 

Church. 


It  is  now  eighteen  rears  since  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
church  of  Tucson  was  organized  by  the  Rev.  Geo.  II. 
Adams,  the  first  superintendent  of  Methodist  missions  iu 
Arizona.  Among  the  first  to  give  their  names  for  mem- 
bership were  Mrs.  E.  J.  Hughes,  wife  of  ex-Gov.  L.  C. 
Hushes,  and  Mrs.  Adria  Buckalew. 

Since  its  establishment  there  have  been  ten  pastors,  the  best  known 
being  the  Rev.  J.  F.  Berry,  editor  of  the  Eptcorth  Herald,  and  Rev.  C.  L. 
Bovard,  superintendent  of  the  New  Mexico  missions.  The  present  pastor  is 
Rev.  E.  R.  Foley,  and  the  church  has  a  strong  membership,  composed  of 
our  most  respected  and  representative  families.  It  is  aggressive  and  well 
organized,  with  all  auxiliary  helps,  including  a  live  Epworth  league  and  a 
Ladies'  Aid  society. 

The  church  lot,  corner  of  Stone  avenue  and  Pennington  street,  has  a 
frontage  of  100  feet  on  each  street.  It  originally  cost  $600,  and  is  now 
worth  as  many  thousands.  The  church  building  is  of  brick  and  was  erected 
in  1881,.  upon  designs  furnished  by  Mr.  L.  D.  Chillson.  Attached  to  tin- 
church  is  a  commodious  parsonage,  built  the  following  year. 


The  local  organization  of  this  church  was  perfected  No- 
r  -     vember  20,   1881,  with  a  membership  of  eight  persons. 

Congregational     an(j  ^  jjas  grown  steadily  in  numbers  and  influence.    The 
Church.  membership  is  now  one  of  the  largest  in  Tucson.     The 

Rev.  .7.  Bowron  will  shortly  assume  charge  of  the  congre- 
gation. 

The  church  building  is  an  imposing  edifice,  facing  one  of  the  city  parks, 
and  the  interior  is  tastefully  furnished. 


The  Baptist 
Church. 


The  first  Baptist  church  in  Southern  Arizona  was  organ- 
ized April  7,  1881,  wilh  six  members,  including  the  pas- 
tor of  the  new  congregation.  Rev.  U.  Gregory.  Later  on 
a  building  was  erected  on  Stone  avenue,  and  the  church 
organization  continued  for  several  years.  With  the  departure  of  the  pastor, 
in  1888,  interest  in  the  work  weakened,  and  was  not  revived  until 
lately.  The  Rev.  P.  Aulick  took  charge  in  July,  1897,  and  under  his  minis- 
trations the  church  is  expected  to  become  an  important  factor  in  the  moral 
and  spiritual  education  of  the  people. 


The  Roman  Catholic  church 
The  Catholic         is    the     leading     .religious 

establishment,      with      the 
Church.  largest  membership  and  the 

most  elegant  edifices.  The 
old  cathedral  has  lately  been  abandoned,  and 
services  are  regularly  held  in  the  new  building 
on  Stone  avenue.  This  is  constructed  of  brick, 
with  gray  stone  facings,  and  the  design  is  * 
elegant  and  impressive.  It  was  dedicated 
February  7,  1897,  with  appropriate  ceremonies, 
in  which  two  archbishops,  two  bishops,  one 
vicar,  and  over  twenty  priests  took  part.  The 
cathedral  is  not  yet  finished,  lacking  the 
towers,  but  the  energetic  Bishop  Bourgade 
will  not  rest  until  the  magnificent  monument 
is  completed. 


CATHOLIC  CATHEDRAL. 


126  Treasure  Land. 

rRATERNAL  ORGANIZATIONS. 

Fraternal  association  is  the  moral  and  intellectual  sunshine  which 
warms  the  hidden  germs  of  brotherhood  into  life,  and  matures  them  to 
achievement.  It  is  the  lever  which  will  raise  the  world  out  of  the  quag- 
mire of  ignorance  and  selfishness  and  perfect  the  race.  It  strength- 
ens the  bonds  of  respect  and  love,  smooths  our  paths  and  makes  us  hopeful 
and  daring  in  the  assurance  of  sympathy  and  appreciation. 

In  no  part  of  the  country  are  the  fraternal  organizations  so  generally 
supported  as  in  Tucson.  They  are  all  in  a  flourishing  condition  and  their 
meetings  well  attended.  True  fraternity  has  always  found  a  freer  expres- 
sion in  the  great  West,  and  striven  to  express  itself  in  organized  form. 
The  bond  of  fraternity  is  here  knit  closer  by  a  community  of  interest  that 
does  not  exist  in  large  cities  where  class  distinctions  are  more  plainly 
manifested. 

These  are  well  represented,  and  hold  regular  and  special 
The  Masonic         meetings. 

Tucson  Lodge  No.  4>  f.  and  A.  M.,  has  regular  com- 
Bodies.  munications  on  the  second  Friday  of  each  month.     Offi- 

cers:   Geo.  J.  Roskruge,  AV.  M.;  L.  K.  Hart,  secretary. 
Membership,  80. 

Tucson  Chapter  No.  3,  Royal  Arch  Masons,  meets  the  last  Friday  of  each 
month.  Officers:  G.  M.  Williams,  H.  P.;  Geo.  J.  Roskruge,  secretary.  Mem- 
bership, 45. 

Arizona  Commandery  No.  1,  Knights  Templar,  has  stated  conclaves  the 
first  Friday  of  each  month.  Officers:  K.  L.  Hart,  E.  C;  Geo.  J.  Roskruge. 
recorder.  Membership,  50. 

Santa  Rita  Lodge  of  Perfection  No.  1,  A.  and  A.  8.  R.,  meets  irregularly. 
Geo.  J.  Roskruge,  ven.  master;  H.  D.  Underwood,  secretary.  Member- 
ship, 35. 

Tucson  Council  No.  3,  Royal  and  S.  M.,  meets  irregularly.  Geo.  Shand, 
ill.  master;  J.  M.  Ornisby,  secretary.  Membership,  21. 

The  first  meeting  of  Masons  held  south  of  the  Gila  river,  of  which  any 
record  has  been  kept,  was  composed  of  the  following  brethren:  A.  C.  Bene- 
dict, Martin  Maloney,  Jacob  S.  Mansfeld,  Joseph  B.  Creamer,  R.  N.  Leather- 
wood,  Charles  T.  Etchells  and  George  J.  Roskruge,  who,  on  the  llth  of 
April,  1875,  met  at  the  house  of  J.  S.  Mansfeld  "for  the  purpose  of  dis- 
cussing the  subject  of  forming  a  Masonic  club  at  Tucson."  At  a  meeting 
held  the  week  following  the  Tucson  Masonic  club  was  formed,  and  Brother 
A.  C.  Benedict  was  elected  chairman,  and  George  J.  Roskruge  secretary. 
The  organization  was  kept  alive  until  January,  1881,  when  it  was  resolved 
to  petition  the  M.  W.  Grand  Master  of  California,  who,  on  the  17th  day  of 
February,  1881,  issued  a  dispensation  authorizing  Ansel  M.  Bragg  as  W. 
M.,  George  J.  Roskruge  as  S.  W..  and  Abraham  Mark  as  J.  AV..  and  nineteen 
other  brethren  to  form  "Tucson  Lodge,"  and  on  the  15th  of  October.  1SS1.  .1 
charter  was,  by  the  M.  W.  Grand  Lodge  of  California,  issued  to  the  same 
officers  and  the  lodge  placed  on  the  roll  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  California 
ns  "Tucson  Lodge  No.  263.",  At  the  formation  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Ari- 
zona, on  the  25th  day  of  March,  1882.  Tucson  was  designated  as  No.  4  on 
the  roll  of  Arizona  lodges. 

Independent         Pima  Lodge  No.  S  meets  every  Tuesday  and  has  a  mein- 

n    .         f  bership  of  65.    The  officers  are:  P.  S.  Hughes,  N.  G..  and 

J.  J.  Hill,  secretary.    Attached  to  this  lodge  is  a  lodge  of 

Odd  FellOWS.         Daughters  of  Rebekah.  officered  and  controlled  by  the 

lady  relatives  of  members  of  the  order,  wdio  materially 

assist  in  advancing  the  welfare  of  the  order. 


The  City  of  Ages.-    Tucson.  127 

Ancient  Order       This  order  has  a  local  membership  of  250,  and  is  oue  of 

,  TT_:*P,J  the  most  popular  in  Tucson.     Its  meetings  are  made  at- 

I  uniiea  tractive  by  the  introduction  of  social  features  designed  to 

Workmen.          amuse  and  instruct  the  members.    The  lodge  meets  every 

Wednesday    and    the    present    officers    are:     Geo.    W. 

\Yhonies,  M.  W. ;  F.  B.  Wightman,  recorder,  and  W.  E.  Felix,  financier. 

Attached  to  the  parent  organization  is  a  lodge  of  the  Degree  of  Honor, 
officered  and  controlled  by  the  lady  relatives  of  members  of  the  A.  O.  U.  W. 

This  order  is  represented  by  Tucson  Lodge  No.  9,  which 
The  KnifhK          holds  stated  conventions  every  Monday.    The  officers  are: 
C.  T.  Connell,  C.  C.;  V.  O.  Gee,  Vice  C.  C.;  W.  R.  Kitt, 
Of  Pythias.  prelate,  and  Jos.  C.  Terry,  K.  of  R.  and  S.     Member- 

ship, 90. 

San  Xavier  Camp  was  organized  April  29,  189G,  and  now 
Woodmen  Of         has  an  active  membership  of  45.    It  meets  every  alternate 
the  World  Thursday.    Officers  are:  F.  A.  Odermatt,  P.  C.  C.;  R.  W. 

Arthur,  C.  C.;  I.  Neustadter,  C.,  and  Pedro  Pellon,  B. 

In  addition  to  these  are  the  following  organizations,  fra- 
Other  ternal  and  benevolent:  The  Spanish-American  Alliance, 

Women's  Universal  Benevolent  Association,  St.  Vincent 
Organizations,  de  Paul  Catholic  Benevolent  Society,  Good  Templars, 

Grand  Army  of  tlie  Republic,  Pioneer  and  Historical  So- 
ciety, United  Order  of  Mechanics,  and  a  full  line  of  railroad  benevolent  and 
protective  orders. 


Building  and         It  is  certainly  apparent  to  the  most  casual  observer  that 
.  our  city  has  steadily  improved  during  the  last  eight  or 

1-0*"  nine  years,  so  that  visitors,  new-comers,   and  even  old 

Associations.  residents  do  not  hesitate  to  remark  that  Tucson  now  pre- 
sents the  appearance  of  a  thriving  and  enterprising  city. 
The  source  and  cause  of  this  steady  progress  in  the  face  of  dire  business 
depression  is  known  to  all  stockholders  in  the  building  and  loan  associa- 
tions. Neither  banks,  business  men  nor  private  individuals  cared  to  loan 
money  at  a  moderate  rate  of  interest  and  for  long  periods  of  time,  so  that 
only  such  inducements  as  those  offered  by  these  associations  could  have 
brought  about  the  amount  of  home  building  and  home  improving  that  has 
taken  place  in  this  city  during  the  time  stated. 

Tucson  has  two  such  associations,  of  which  it  is  justly  proud.  The  orig- 
inal and  the  first  to  complete  a  series  is  the  Tucson  Building  and  Loan  asso- 
ciation, and  we  present  the  following  report  thereon,  prepared  by  the  sec- 
retary, Mr.  .7.  A.  Black: 

"This  association  early  laid  down  a  most  liberal  policy  towards  its  with- 
drawing stockholders,  and  has  consistently  acted  with  the  utmost  leniency 
in  all  cases  of  unavoidable  foreclosures.  Too  often  the  cases  of  withdraw 
ing  stockholders  in  this  class  of  associations  are  made  a  most  fruitful  source 
of  profit,  and  foreclosures  are  handled  under  the  letter  of  the  law,  and  thus 
to  the  delinquents'  total  and  inequitable  loss  of  property.  Yet  notwithstand- 
ing such  liberal  (but  just  and  fair)  conduct,  the  Tucson  Building  and  Loan 
association  has  matured  and  paid  off  its  first  series  in  104  months,  the  actual 
number  of  working  or  earning  months,  however,  being  but  102,  as  shown 
by  the  early  records. 

"The  money  invested  in  the  association  has  therefore  had  an  earning 
capacity  of  21  per  cent,  per  annum,  which  breaks  the  record  of  said  insti- 
tutions on  the  Pacific  coast,  if  not  in  the  United  States. 


128 


Treasure  Land. 


"After  the  lapse  of  104  months,  during  which  time  the  country  has 
suffered  one  of  the  severest  financial  panics  and  endured  hard  times  for 
one  of  the  longest  periods  in  its  history,  the  Tucson  Building  and  Loan  as- 
sociation shows  a  most  successful  record,  with  no  losses  and  with  but  one 
piece  of  real  estate  actually  in  its  possession  by  reason  of  foreclosure  suit. 
This  property  is  well  worth  the  money  invested  in  it,  and  has  always  re- 
turned good  interest  in  the  shape  of  rent." 

The  second  association,  called  The  Citizens,  is  in  a  highly  prosperous 
condition,  and  has  been  equally  active  in  guarding  the  interests  of  its  stock- 
holders. Although  worked  on  a  slightly  different  plan,  the  secretary,  Mr. 
Gus.  A.  Hoff,  prophesies  an  equally  satisfactory  result,  and  possibly  a  bet- 
ter one. 

To  these  associations  is  due  much  of  the  material  progress  of  Tucson 
during  the  past  decade,  and  this  good  work  continues  to  be  felt. 


INTERIOR  SURVEYOR  GENERAL'S  OKKICE. 


The  Surveyor 

General's 

Office. 


The  office  of  surveyor  general  was  first  established  iu 
Tucson  in  July,  1870,  upon  the  appointment  of  Hon. 
John  Wasson  as  surveyor  general.  He  served  three 
terms,  retiring  in  favor  of  Hon.  J.  W.  Bobbins,  in 
August.  1882.  This  gentleman  died  November,  1883,  and 
the  Hon.  Royal  -A.  Johnson  was  appointed  to  fill  the 
vacancy,  and  held  the  office  until  December  11,  1885,  when  a  change  of 
national  administration  inducted  the  late  Hon.  John  Hise  into  the  official 
chair.  Mr.  Hise  retired  to  civil  life  in  July,  1889,  and  Mr.  Johnson  re- 
sumed the  control  that  had  been  interrupted  by  the  failure  of  the  re- 
publican party  to  count  enough  votes.  He  served  his  term  of  four  years. 
and  another  political  failure  caused  his  removal  in  favor  of  Hon.  Levi 
H.  Manning,  who  served  until  April,  1896,  and  then  resigned,  either  to 
prove  that  a  good  democrat  can  accomplish  the  feat  or  to  give  his  per- 
sonal attention  to  his  large  mining  interests.  He  was  succeeded  by  the 
Hon.  Geo.  J.  Roskrugc,  who  will  probably  soon  succumb  to  the  uncon- 
geniality  of  a  republican  administration. 

The  present  subordinates  are  W.  E.  Murphy,  chief  clerk;  Raymond  H. 
Satterwhite,  assistant  clerk,  and  August  A.  Lysight,  mineral  clerk. 


The  City  of  Ages:    Tucson. 


129 


The  Boys 
in  Blue. 


COLONEL  J.  H.  MARTIN. 


Without  desiring  to  draw  any 
invidious  distinctions,  we  be- 
lieve that  the  real  patriotism 
of  the  country  is  chiefly  found 
outside  of  the  large  cities,  and 
the  heart  of  the  great  West 
throbs  with  devotion  to  Old  Glory. 

The  organization  of  militia  companies  in 
Arizona  is  due  to  the  desire  of  our  young  men  to 
get  closer  to  the  flag  of  freedom  and  draw  inspira- 
tion from  its  starry  folds.  That  they  are  not 
parlor  patriots,  but  men  ready  to  offer  their  lives 
in  the  cause  of  their  country  in  defense  of  law  and 
order  is  shown  by  some  late  instances  which  we 
ask  the  reader's  permission  to  refer  to. 

When  the  Fitzsimmons  and  Maher  prize  fight 
was  expected  to  "come  off"  on  Arizona  soil,  the 
militia  companies  were  ordered  to  the  front,  and 
the  following  extract  from  the  report  of  Maj. 
R.  Allyn  Lewis,  acting  inspector  general  shows 
that  they  can  be  depended  upon  in  time  of  need  : 

"I  desire  to  call  your  attention  to  the  prompt- 
itude of  these  companies  in  preparing  for  service 
in  such  short  time,  neither  officers  nor  men 
having:  any  idea  where  they  were  going,  nor  for  what  service.  They  were 
absolutely  unprovided  for  field  service,  having  no  overcoats,  blankets, 
haversacks,  cooking  utensils  or  other  camp  equipage.  They  had  nothing 
but  the  regulation  uniform,  their  rifles  with  twenty  rounds  of  ball  car- 
tridges, and  a  determination  to  go  where  they  were  needed  and  do  their 
duty  as  soldiers.  Every  man  who  could  be  reached  by  his  company 
officers  reported  for  duty.  The  conduct  of  companies  D  and  F  during 
five  days  of  field  service  is  especially  deserving  of  commendation,  and 
this  was  the  first  time  they  had  ever  been  called  out." 

It  will  not  surprise  the  reader  to  learn  that  companies  D  and  F  came 
from  Tucson  and  are  good  samples  of  our  young  men.  Company  D  was 
organized  in  1889,  followed  in  1890  by  the  organization  of  company  F. 

The  present  membership  of  company  D  is  forty,  and  of  company  F, 
thirty-five,  and  this  does  not  include  the  militia  band  of  thirty-eight 
pieces.  The  officers  of  company  D  are:  Emanuel  Drachman,  captain; 
Bert  Gray,  first  lieutenant;  Wm.  Powers,  second  lieutenant.  Of  company 
F:  J.  M.  Trayer,  captain,  and  Heraclio  Button,  first  lieutenant. 

The  band  is  composed  chiefly  of  young  people  who  have  become 
skillful  musicians  during  their  three  years  of  practice  and  give  public 
concerts  during  the  summer  months. 

There  is  no  territorial  law  providing  for  general  officers.  The  regi- 
mental colonel  and  senior  officer  of  the  guard  is  J.  H.  Martin,  one  of 
our  prominent  lawyers  and  secretary  of  the  board  of  regents  of  the 
University  of  Arizona,  and  J.  A.  Black  is  major  of  first  batallion. 


The  springs  of  Agna  Caliente,  Monkey  Springs,  and  those 
of  Walnut  canon  are  fairly  well  known  to  our  people, 
but  few  of  them  are  aware  that  any  exist  in  the  im- 
mediate vicinity  of  Tucson. 

Two  and  one-half  miles  west  of  Tucson,  at  the  base 
of  Sentinel  peak,  is  a  natural  spring,  strongly  Impreg- 
nated with  sulphur  and  other  minerals,  which  years  ago  was  reputed  to 
have  fine  medicinal  properties,  but  in  the  lapse  of  years  it  has  been  for- 
gotten. 


Tucson 
Mineral 
Springs. 


130  Treasure  Land. 

There  are  two  daily  newspapers  published  iu  Tucson, 
the   Citizen   and   Star,    both   representative    sheets   and 
Our  well  supported. 

Newspapers.  Tne  Citizen  was  founded  in  1870,  and  has  been  con- 

tinuously published  under  different  managements.  The 
present  editor  and  proprietor  is  the  Hon.  Herbert  Brown, 
a  trained  newspaper  man,  who  has  been  prominently  identified  with  the 
interests  of  Arizona  for  many  years.  He  is  curator  of  the  territorial 
museum  and  an  authority  on  the  ornithology  of  Southern  Arizona,  of 
which  subject  he  has  made  a  special  study.  His  collection  of  birds,  do- 
nated to  the  museum,  is  one  of  the  most  perfect  and  complete  in  tin- 
country.  The  Citizen  is  the  exponent  of  republican  politics  and  has  a 
large  circulation.  It  Is  published  every  evening,  Sundays  and  holidays 
excepted. 

The  Arizona  Daily  Star  was  established  in  1877  by  the  Hon.  L.  C. 
Hughes,  its  present  editor  and  proprietor.  It  was  the  first  democratic 
journal  in  the  territory  and  has  always  been  the  ablest  exponent .  of  the 
principles  of  that  party.  It  has  been  foremost  in  advocating  all  issues 
designed  to  promote  the  welfare  of  our  people  and  has  done  more  to 
mould  public  opinion  than  any  other  newspaper  in  the  territory.  It  lias 
a  large  circulation,  and  being  a  morning  paper  it  reaches  all  the  prin- 
cipal railroad  points  on  the  day  of  its  issue.  Mr.  L.  C.  Hughes  is  a 
veteran  of  the  civil  wa^,  served  two  terms  as  district  attorney  and  two 
terms  as  probate  judge  of  Pima  county,  was  attorney  general  in  1^7.", 
and  governor  of  the  territory  under  the  last  democratic  administration. 
He  is  ably  assisted  by  his  talented  wife,  who  opened  the  first  public 
school  in  the  territory  in  1872. 

Both  papers  issue  weekly  editions  which  circulate  in  all  the  mining 
camps  and  outlying  agricultural  districts. 

There  are  also  two  weekly  papers  published  in  the  Spanish  language. 
which  are  liberally  patronized  by  our  Spanish-American  population.  /,'/ 
Fronterizo  is  conducted  by  Sefior  Carlos  Y.  Velasco.  a  very  able  writer, 
and  has  a  large  circulation  in  Southern  Arizona  and  Sonora.  La  Jntz  is 
edited  by  Mr.  Chas.  H.  Tully,  a  versatile  writer,  formerly  principal  of 
the  Tucson  public  schools,  and  while  a  newcomer  in  the  field  of  journalism, 
it  is  meeting  with  liberal  support.  Both  papers  are  able  exponents  of 
the  most  advanced  Spanish-American  thought  and  ably  contribute  to  the 
upbuilding  of  this  section. 

Among  the  improvements  in  course  of  construction  we 
ji.e  must  not  omit  a  description  of  the  natatorium.    which 

is  expected  to  be  in  running  order  by  the  middle  of 
Natatorium.  August.  The  building  will  be  both  substantial  and 

ornamental,  and  the  interior  arrangements  of  the  latest 
designs.  The  swimming  tank  will  have  an  area  of  over  3.000  square  tVct 
rind  contain  170.000  gallons.  The  water  supply  will  be  pumped  from  a 
well.  200  feet  west  of  the  building,  and  a  pipe  line  connecting  with  the 
plant  of  The  Arctic  Ice  Company  will  furnish  a  supply  of  warm  water 
when  needed.  There  will  be  thirty  or  more  private  bath  rooms,  and 
Turkish  and  Russian  bath  departments. 

Messrs.  Barnes  &  Martin,  the  well  known  lawyers,  are  the  owners, 
and  their  reputation  as  clear-headed  business  men  ensures  the  public  an 
elegantly  appointed  and  well  managed  institution. 


The  City  of  Ayes:    Tucson. 


131 


1.  V.  M.  Cordova. 

2.  Radulovicli  Block. 


TUCSON  BUSINESS  BLOCKS: 

'•',.     \Vlir-olor  &  Perry. 
4.    Tucson  Grocer  Co. 


5.    Kohler  Block. 

ti.     Xoff  &  Co.  Stahlos. 


132 


Treasure  Land. 


There  is 
Light. 


There  are  fifty-two  stockholders  in  The  Electric  Light 
and  Power  Company  of  Tucson,  and  they  are  all  our 
own  people,  and  all  so  pleased  with  their  investment  that 
none  of  the  stock  is  for  sale.  The  company  was  organ- 
ized some  years  ago  with  a  capital  of  $60,000.  The 
plant  comprises  two  engines,  135  and  90-horse  power; 
two  boilers,  130  and  110-horse  power,  and  four  dynamos,  really  two  en- 
tire and  separate  plants,  thus  securing  the  public  agaiust  accidents.  At 
the  present  time  there  are  maintained  about  2,000  incandescent  lights, 
twenty-five  arcs  and  twenty  electric  fans,  to  which  numbers  constant  ad- 
ditions are  being  made. 


TAVO  OP  THE  DEPARTMENTS  OF  Ros.  BRKNA'IS  STOKE. 


A  Spanish- 
American 
Merchant. 


Among1  our  business  men  are  several  of  Mexican  birth, 
who  are  the  peers  of  any  merchants  in  the  land.  They 
lack  nothing  of  enterprise  and  foresight,  and  add  to  their 
other  business  qualifications  an  unfailing  courtesy  that  is 
as  natural  to  them  as  it  is  pleasant  to  their  patrons. 
'  Mr.  Rosario  Brena  conducts  one  of  the  largest  whole- 

sale and  retail  general  stores  in  Tucson.  He  began  in  a  small  way  about  ten 
years  ago,  and  by  careful  attention  and  intelligent  management  has  extended 
his  trade  over  the  whole  of  Southern  Arizona,  and  north  as  far  as  Final 
and  Gila  counties.  He  is  also  largely  interested  in  ranch  property  and  cattle, 
and  is  generally  in  touch  with  our  resources. 


A  New 
Opera  House. 


If  the  social  condition  of  a  community  can  be  measurerl 
by  the  extent  of  Its  appreciation  of  the  fine  arts,  Tucson 
must  certainly  take  high  rank,  for  in  no  city  of  the  Union 
are  these  so  generally  cultivated  and  appreciated. 

Our  need  of  a  good  opera  house  has  been  felt  for  a  long  time,  and  sev- 
eral organized  efforts  have  been  made  to  meet  it,  but  it  remained  for  in- 
dividual enterprise  to  take  the  matter  in  hand  and  carry  it  to  a  successful 
issue. 

Mr.  A.  V.  Grosetta  has  been  for  years  one  of  our  most  progressive  citizens. 
His  fortune  has  been  made  among  us  and  all  his  investments  are  here.  His 
latest  and  most  brilliant  enterprise  is  the  erection  of  an  opera  house  on 
Congress  street,  after  plans  made  by  the  well  known  theatre  architect,  Sydney 
Lovell,  of  Chicago. 

It  is  designed  to  seat  900  people  and  will  cost  not  less  than  $25,000.  The 
scenery  will  be  of  the  highest  grade,  painted  by  the  great  scenic  artists. 


The  City  of  Ages:    Tucson. 


133 


Sozman  and  Landis,  of  Chicago,  and  the  stage  settings,  seats  and  furnish- 
ings of  the  most  modern  designs.  Hot-air  furnaces  will  heat  the  house  In 
winter,  and  ventilating  devices  will  make  It  pleasant  during  tne  heated 
term.  The  auditorium  will  be  so  arranged  as  to  make  a  combination  dance 
floor  and  seats. 

He  has  also  arranged  with  the  Masonic  fraternity  of  Tucson  for  the 
erection  of  the  first  exclusive  Masonic  lodge  room  in  the  Territory  in  the 
same  block. 

Mr.  Grosetta's  enterprise  and  abilities  are  not  confined  to  building  In- 
vestments. He  is  the  principal  shareholder  in  The  Tucson  Grocery  Company, 
the  owner  of  a  large  and  flourishing  orchard  in  the  valley,  and  Interested  in 
other  public  enterprises. 


I 
1      llr»    I      H   1    I    :-tJ!  . 


•XT- 


EAOLE  FLOUR  MILLS. 


Any  evidence  of  enterprise  indicates  the  social  and  com- 
mercial strength  of  a  community,  and  we  point  with  pride 

Flours  Of  the  to  the  evidence  offered  by  the  Eagle  flour  mills,  one  of  the 

Desert  largest   and   best   appointed   in  Arizona.     The   original   mill 

was  built  in  1872,   but  has  been  enlarged  and   improved  by 

the  present  owners.    Mr.  Leo  Goldschmidt,  the  general  man- 

ager,  is  also  interested  in  mines  and  real  estate.     He  has  laid  off  some  lots 

for  villa   residences  in   the  northern  part  of  the   city,   and  will   set   the  pace 

by  erecting  a  handsome  residence  at  a  cost  of  $5,000. 


Regulated  by 


While  it  is  a  matter  of  regret  from  one  point  of  view  that 
gambling  should  be  licensed  in  the  territory,  it  is  a  vice 
that  is  common  to  all  frontier  sections,  and  it  is  wiser 
to  control  It  by  law  than  let  it  flourish  secretly.  We  are 
proud  to  say  that  the  influence  of  the  community  is  such 
as  to  rob  gambling  of  some  of  its  worst  features.  In  the 
first  place  the  resorts  are  in  the  hands  of  men  who  know  that  their  license 
will  not  be  renewed  to  them  if  their  places  are  not  conducted  properly,  and 
for  this  reason  nothing  is  tolerated  of  a  disreputable  nature.  Everything  is 
straight  and  orderly  and  open  to  Inspection.  This  is  the  true  Western  method, 
and  low  dives  and  deadfalls,  where  crime  is  rampant,  are  peculiar  to  the 
low  resorts  of  the  crowded  Eastern  cities.  The  Legal  Tender,  of  Tucson, 
of  which  Mr.  J.  J.  Walsh  is  proprietor,  is  a  model  of  good  management, 
and  while  such  a  business  is  considered  legitimate,  it  is  some  satisfaction 
to  know  that  it  is  in  the  hands  of  a  careful  person. 


134 


Treasure  Land. 


A  Sweet 
Place. 


The   toothsome  delicacies   of  the   confectioner's  art   are  al- 
ways  pleasant,   and   in  summer,    ice   cream  and   refreshing 
drinks   are  necessities.     Mr.   P.   A.   Stollar  knew  this  when 
he  opened  the  largest  confectionery  and  Ice  cream  parlors 
in    the   southwest   on    Congress    street.       He   furnished   the 
store  in  metropolitan  style,  and  the  result  has  justified  his 
expectations.     The  retail  trade  has  created  a  demand   for  fine  confectionery, 
and  compelled  him  to  add  a  wholesale  department  for  the  country  trade.    He 
thinks  Tucson  is  "the  sweetest  place  on  earth." 


Among  those  who  came  to  stay  with  us,  we  reckon  Dr.  Geo. 
Whomes,  who  arrived  here  six  years  ago  and  found  every- 
thing so  agreeable  that  he  promptly  decided  to  remain,  and 
emphasized  his  decision  by  erecting  a  pretty  modern  cot- 
tage on  the  principal  residence  street.  Being  a  skillful 
dentist,  he  has  done  well  professionally,  and  is  entirely 
satisfied  with  his  environment. 


Quite  Satisfied. 


Others  Follow. 


The  distinction  of  building  the  first  compartment  house  in 
Tucson  is  an  indication  of  enterprise  and  foresight  in  the 
builder.  Mr.  H.  B.  Dodge  has  set  the  pace  in  this  direction, 
and  others  will  follow.  He  has  been  here  fifteen  years  and 
has  always  tried  to  lead  on  progressive  lines.  The  Dodge 
block  will  long  remain  a  monument  to  his  enterprise.  He 

is  interested  in  mines  in  the  Oro  Blanco  district,  and  a  stockholder  in  both 

of  our  building  and  loan  associations. 


Only  One 
Failure. 


Among  our  self-made  men,  who  have  increased  their  busi- 
ness from  year  to  year  by  unremitting  attention  and  the 
exercise  of  good  judgment,  is  Mr.  Julius  Goldbaum.  He 
handles  high  grade  wines  and  liquors  and  carries  the  best 
assortment  of  lunch  goods  in  Arizona. 

He  has  found  time  to  make  some  fruit  culture  experi- 
ments within  the  city  limits,  which  demonstrate  the  capabilities  of  our  soil. 
It  is  only  an  acre  of  land,  but  this  is  sufficient  to  show  what  lovely  homes 
can  be  made  in  Tucson.  The  grape  is  a  success,  both  in  quantity  and  flavor, 
almonds  do  well,  so  do  peaches,  apricots  and  green  gages.  The  only  failure 
he  notes  is  the  cherry,  which  does  not  thrive  here  below  an  altitude  of  4,000 
feet. 


1.    Interior  Fleishman's  Drug  Store. 


2.    Office  Singer  Sewing  Machine  Co. 


The  City  ofjAges:    Tucson. 


135 


Two  Hundred 
per  cent. 
Increase. 


No  better  evidence  of  the  prosperous  condition  of  Tucson 
can  be  offered  than  the  remarkable  growth  of  the  business 
of  the  Consolidated  National  Bank.  This  institution,  like 
every  other,  is  our  own,  built  up  on  home  capital  and  man- 
aged and  controlled  by  our  own  people.  It  was  originally 
started  in  1885,  by  Mr.  D.  Henderson,  now  president  of  the 
Santa  Clara  Bank,  California,  who  effected  a  consolidation  with  the  Bank 
of  Tucson  two  years  later,  and  shortly  afterwards  transferred  his  interests 
to  the  present  organization,  by  whom  it  was  nationalized  in  1889.  The  present 
officers  are  M.  P.  Freeman,  president;  W.  C.  Davis,  vice  president,  and  H.  B. 
Tenney,  cashier.  A  comparison  of  their  statement  given  to  the  comptroller 
of  the  currency  last  May,  with  that  made  for  the  same  month  in  1896, 
shows  an  increase  in  deposits  from  $129,480  in  1896  to  $352,251  in  1897,  or  two 
hundred  (200)  per  cent.  This  Is  the  largest  line  of  deposits -of  any  bank  in 
the  Territory.  Its  paid-up  capital  is  $50.000,  and  cash  resources  $275,891. 


INTERIOR  CONSOLIDATED  NATIONAL  BANK. 


Mr. 


—  depends  for  his  living  upon  the  interest  he 


Lacks  Support. 


receives  on  his  money,  and  complains  that  our  people  are 
already   so   prosperous   that   they    refuse   to   pay    the   usual 
1%  or  2  per  cent.,  and  this  independent  spirit  is  fomented 
by  the  presence  of  Eastern  money  at  10  per  cent,  and  less. 
These   conditions   compel   him   to   deprive   himself  of  many 
luxuries   he  is  accustomed   to,    to  the  detriment  of  his   health,    and  while  he 
has   done   everything  in    his   power   to    retard   the   advancement    of  the    com- 
munity,  he   feels   that   he   has  not  been  properly   supported,    and   proposes  to 
organize  a   "Hold-Back  Club." 

We  have  never  seen  a  finer  display  of  modern  jewelry  and 
art  novelties  than  in  the  store  of  the  H.  A.  Zeckendorf  Co. 
Mr.    Zeckendorf  is   the   son  of  one   of  the   founders   of  the 
pioneer  firm  of  L.  Zeckendorf  &  Co.,   and  was  educated  in 
Europe,  where  he  learned  the  art  of  watchmaking.    He  was 
afterwards    a    pupil    of    H.    H.    Heinrichs,    the    celebrated 
chronometer  maker  of  New  York,  and  was  special  correspondent  at  the  Paris 
exposition  for  the  New  York  Jewelers'  Weekly.    His  knowledge  of  all  matters 
pertaining  to  his   profession   is   both   theoretical   and   practical,    and    no   New 
York  jeweler  more  elegantly  displays  the  triumphs  of  his  art. 


Jewelry  and 
Art  Novelties. 


136 


Treasure  Land. 


The 

Legal 

Fraternity. 


The  bar  of  Tucson  ranks  second 
to  none  in  Arizona,  and  is  speci- 
ally distinguished  for  its  ability 
and  integrity,  and  its  members 
are  frequently  called  to  all  parts 
of  the  territory  to  conduct  im- 
portant cases.  The  bench  is  ably  filled  by  the  Hon. 
Geo.  R.  Davis,  Associate  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  Arizona  and  Judge  of  the  First  Judicial  District, 
who  came  originally  from  Wapakoneta,  Ohio.  He  is 
the  youngest  of  the  newly  appointed  Federal  judges' 
but  he  brings  to  Arizona  a  ripe  experience,  deep^learn- 
ing  and  a  splendid  record  for  upright  and  courteous 
dealings.  He  is  a  personal  friend  of  President  McKinley 
and  although  this  is  his  first  political  office,  he  has 
always  been  an  active  Republican,  and  was  the  first 
delegate  elected  from  Ohio  to  the  last  National  Repub- 
lican Convention.  The  Judge  will  hereafter  make  his 
home  in  Tucson  with  his  wife  and  two  children.  He  is 
favorably  impressed  with  the  climate  and  resources  of 
Arizona  and  hopes  to  see  statehood  conferred  upon  it 
during  his  term. 


HOK.  GEO.  R.  DAVIS. 


A  Good 
Authority. 


Low  Rate  of 
Insurance. 


Mr.  J.  A.  Black  established  his  jewelry  business  here  in 
1883  and  has  always  been  prominent  in  public  affairs.  As 
commissioner  of  immigration,  he  prepared  and  published 
the  best  review  of  our  resources,  and  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  Phoenix  Republican.  He  is  now  secretary 
of  the  Tucson  Building  and  Loan  Association,  and  we  are 
Indebted  to  him  for  valuable  information  in  the  preparation  of  this  work. 

The  question  of  insurance  is  at  the  foundation  of  more  of 
our  business  and  social  affairs  than  we  think.  Fire  and 
life  insurance  are  the  more  familiar  phases  of  our  desire 
to  become  our  own  special  providence,  and  Mr.  H.  D. 
Underwood  has  been  their  apostle  in  Tucson  for  the  last 
fifteen  years.  He  calls  our  attention  to  the  fact  that  the 
rate  of  Insurance  in  Tucson  is  the  same  as  in  San  Francisco,  for  the  reason 
that  underwriters  consider  us  a  good  risk.  He  also  handles  real  estate  and 
mines,  and  is  one  of  our  best-posted  men  on  these  subjects.  During  the 
past  thirty  days  he  has  sold  more  city  property  than  in  the  previous  three 
years,  and  all  of  it  to  people  who  intend  to  build  homes  for  themselves. 
There  is  also  a  lively  movement  in  mining  properties.  Extensive  developments 
are  being  made  and  the  prospects  generally  were  never  better. 

County  Treasurer   Chas.    F.   Hoff,   who  is  also   manager  of 
the  Tucson,  Nogales,   Prescott  and  Flagstaff  telephone  sta- 

Telephone  tions.  and  one  of  the  most  enterprising  men   in  the  Terri- 

FacilitiCS  tory,  informs  us  that  in  the  matter  of  telephone  communi- 

cation, Arizona  is  not  a  whit  behind  the  rest  of  the  world. 
There  are  about  150  subscribers  in  Tucson,  and  the  central 
office  is  kept  constantly  busy  answering  calls.  He  is  now  making  arrange- 
ments to  connect  the  different  important  mining  camps  with  Tucson  and 
Nogales  and  will  probably  build  a  line  south  to  the  thriving  mining  districts 
across  the  international  line.  The  opening  of  the  new  custom  house  at 
Sasabe  will  give  an  impetus  to  business  between  Tucson  and  the  Altar  dis- 
trict in  Sonora,  and  greatly  facilitate  the  operations  of  the  Plomo  and  El 
Grupo  mining  companies,  in  which  our  people  are  vitally  Interested. 

Mr.  Hoff  is  a  man  of  ideas  and  a  fluent  writer.  We  regret  that  a  val- 
uable contribution  from  his  pen  has  been  unavoidably  crowded  out  of  this 
issue. 


The  City  of  Ages:    Tucson.  137 

People  who  have  been  accustomed  to  hear  the  woes  of  the 
unemployed  continually  dinned  into  their  ears  will  find  in 

Nn  JA\e  Men  Tucson  a  refreshing  change,   for  here,  notwithstanding  our 

proximity   to   the   cheap   labor  market   of   Mexico,    it   is   at 

times  almost  impossible   to   hire   men   to  perform   ordinary 

labor,  and  our  mechanics  are  the  most  independent  in  the 

world. 

Our  attention  was  called  to  this  fact  by  Messrs.  A.  V.  Grosetta  and  Gus. 
A.  Hoff,  of  The  Tucson  Grocery  Company,  who  have  evidently  had  some 
late  experience  on  the  subject,  and  our  own  observation  confirms  theirs. 

The  superb   natural   roads  in   the   vicinity   of  Tucson   have 
caused    our    people    to   invest    very    heavily    in    the    bicycle, 
A  Good  and  a  daily  spin  of  fifteen  or  twenty  miles  before  break- 

Bicycle  Town.  fast    is    no    unusual    performance,    even    for   ladies,    as    the 

exertion  required  is  little  more  than  what  is  necessary   to 
preserve  a  balance. 

In  1895,  Messrs.  F.  E.  Russell  and  M.  E.   Sheldon  formed  a  copartnership       i 
for  the  purpose  of  supplying  our  people  with  high  grade  wheels  and  electric 
and  gas  fixtures.  Mr.  Russell  is  an  expert  electrician  and  has  charge  of  the 
plant   of  The   Electric   Light  and  Power  Company,    while   Mr.   Sheldon   is  an 
excellent  mechanic. 

In  publishing  interviews  for  the  information  of  the  public, 

we  select  only  those  with  people  whose  facilities  for  gather- 

MllSt  Be  ing  information  are  above  the  average.    Mr.  L.  D.  Chillson 

Developed.  nas    Deen    ^n    the    southwest    since    1859.     He   was    the   first 

county   surveyor   of  Pima   county   and   has   been    a   deputy 

United  States  mineral  surveyor  for  twenty  years. 

As  city  engineer  he  calls  our  attention  to  the  fact  that  Tucson  has  now 
eighteen  miles  of  curbed  sidewalks  and  well-graded  streets.  He  believes  that 
our  fertile  valleys  can  nearly  all  be  irrigated  and  produce  large  crops.  We 
have  barely  touched  our  natural  resources,  having  relied  entirely  upon  our 
own  means,  but  the  attraction  of  our  climate  will  induce  those  to  come  here 
who  have  the  money  to  develop  them. 

The  volume  of  freight  movement  in  Tucson  appears  to  be 

Astonished out   of   a11    Pr°Portion    to    the    size   °*   tne    town,    until   one 

realizes    the    large    extent    of    our    tributary    country.     Mr. 
Geo.    E.   Kohler  has  lived  in  the  southwest  since  1880,   and 
Convinced.  like    others,    was    at   first    astonished,    then   convinced,    and 

decided  that  Tucson  was  the  most  promising  place  he  had 
seen.  He  purchased  one  of  the  best  business  corners  and  erected  thereon 
a  large  modern  block  at  a  cost  of  $25,000,  dividing  it  into  four  elegant  stores, 
which  were  rented  to  good  tenants  before  they  were  finished.  He  occupies 
the  corner  store  himself  with  a  large  stock  of  furniture,  carpets  and  general 
house  furnishings,  and  does  a  good  business  over  all  the  southern  portion  of 
Arizona  and  into  Mexico.  All  his  capital  is  now  invested  here,  and  he  feels 
that  it  is  as  safe  as  if  it  were  in  United  States  bonds,  and  it  Is  ten  times 
more  remunerative. 

The  art  of  dressing  well  has  reached  a  high  stage,  and  the 
ingenuity    of    designers    and    weavers    is    heavily    taxed    to 

They  Will  meet  the  demand  for  elegant  and  tasteful  novelties. 

Dress.  This  fact  is  well  understood  by  Mr.  W.  F.  Kitt,  whose 

fashionable  dry  goods  store  in  the  Radulovlch  block  affords 
a  display   of  fashionable   fabrics   and   millinery  rarely    met 

outside  of  the  large  cities. 

Mr.    Kitt  has  had  years  of  experience  and  his  present  prosperity  proves 

that  if  a  man  understands  what  he  is  doing  and  does  it  well,   he  invariably 

succeeds. 


138 


Treasure  Land. 


The    comforts    of    home    life    are    not    usually    expected    by 
travelers,    nor   are   they   ever  realized   fully,   but   the   Hotel 

Home  Life  Hall   as   nearly   approaches   perfection   in   this   direction   as 

Realized.  any  hotel  ln  tne  country.     It  is  located  near  the  center  of 

the  city  and  yet  far  enough  from  it  to  avoid  all  the  noise 
and  the  bustle  of  traffic.  Miss  Anna  B.  Hall  took  charge  in 
1894,  and  renovated  and  refurnished  the  house  from  top  to  bottom.  Home- 
cooking  is  more  than  a  phrase,  and  the  dining  room  is  a  model  of  comfort 
and  good  taste.  The  best  of  our  visitors  make  this  their  home,  and  among 
them  we  may  mention  Col.  Summer,  U.  S.  A.,  post  commander  Fort  Grant; 
Maj.  Chalmers,  Washington,  D.  C.;  Prof.  True,  director  experiment  stations; 
Col.  J.  D.  Breathitt,  special  agent  interior  department  and  others  equally 
well  known. 


Good  Roads. 


HOTEL  HALL  AND  DINING  ROOM. 

While    the    bicycle    fad    is   as    great    In    Tucson    as    in    any 
place    in    the   country   on    account    of    our    excellent    roads, 
there    is    an    exhiliaration    produced   by    a    good    drive    that 
can  not  be  simulated;  then,  too,   a  buggy  will  hold  a  pair, 
and    if   the   proper   relations   exist   between   them,    the   ride 
becomes  a  dream  of  ecstasy  and  an  armful  of  bliss.    Neff  & 
Co.  make  a  specialty  of  providing  the  public  with  good  horse  power  to  suit 
the    circumstances,    and    claim    that    their    business    is    entirely    satisfactory. 
Mining  men   who   require   teams   for   long    drives    are   good    patrons,    as    they 
know  their  wants  are  supplied  at  short  notice.    They  note  an  unusual  activity 
in  mining  matters  and  express  their  confidence  in  the  future  of  Pima  county. 
In  -a    business    directory    of    Tucson,    published    in    1878,    ap- 
pears the  name  of  Henry  Buehman,  photographer,  and  this 

He  IS  Still  gentleman    has    persistently   engaged    in    the    same    business 

ever  -since.  He  has  not  stayed  here  because  he  lacked 
either  the  enterprise  or  ability  to  go  elsewhere,  but  from 
choice.  For  twenty-four  years  he  has  taken  the  photo- 
graphs of  our  people  from  youth  to  age,  and  the  artistic  reproduction  of  all 
the  Tucson  babies,  who  have  looked  with  childish  surprise  at  his  camera, 
has  been  pronounced  by  Eastern  experts  one  of  the  hnest  examples  of  photo- 
graphic art  ever  produced.  Mr.  Buehman  keeps  pace  with  every  improve- 
ment in  photography,  and  aided  by  our  wonderful  sunlight  and  clear  air, 
does  the  finest  work  In  the  county.  He  Is  interested  in  mining  and  ranching-, 
and  is  prominent  in  all  public  matters,  having  been  repeatedly  called  to  occupy 
official  positions  of  trust  and  responsibility.  He  is  now  serving  his  second 
term  as  mayor  of  Tucson.  Most  of  the  artistic  illustrations  of  this  volume 
are  his  work,  and  the  publishers  are  indebted  to  him  for  many  valuable 
suggestions  in  their  arrangement.  It  may  be  truly  said  in  this  case  that 
some  may  come  and  some  may  go,  but  he  stays  with  us  always. 


The  City  of  Ages:    Tucson.  139 

The   science    of   dentistry,    as   now    understood,    is   of   com- 
paratively recent  origin,    having  been  professionally  recog- 
Comfort  in  the          nized   in   1843.     There    is   every    reason   to   believe,    however, 
Desert  tnat   tne  treatment  o£  tne  teeth  received   special  attention 

among  the  ancient  Egyptians,  that  marvelous  people,  who 
appear  to  have  partially  anticipated  most  of  our  modern 
discoveries,  and  George  Washington  masticated  his  food  for  several  years 
with  false  teeth,  clumsily  constructed,  indeed,  but  equal  to  the  requirements. 
Dr.  F.  A.  Odermatt  is  a  member  of  the  Pacific  Dental  Congress,  that 
meets  in  San  Francisco  this  year,  and  sustains  the  reputation  of  our  den- 
tists as  the  most  proficient  in  the  world.  He  has  resided  in  Tucson  for  the 
last  fifteen  years,  and  been  identified  with  all  our  progressive  movements. 
His  parlors  are  elaborately  provided  with  the  latest  modern  appliances,  and 
our  winter  visitors  find  him  so  skillful  that  he  reckons  many  of  them  among 
his  regular  patrons. 

He  owns  a  beautiful  home,  with  a  large  area  of  garden  and  orchard  sur- 
rounding  it,    a   veritable  paradise   of   bloom   and   verdure,    which    shows    how 
a  man  can  gather  about  him  a  world  of  comfort  and  luxury  In  the  "desert." 
We    have    elsewhere   referred    to   our   band    boys   and   their 
leader,    but   omitted   purposely    to    inform   the   reader    of   a 
A  circumstance  that  will  astonish  him.     The  talented  leader, 

Musical  GeniUS        ^r-  •^re<^-   Ronstadt,    the   self-made  musician,    of  whom   we 
are    justly    proud,    has    found    time    to    perfect    himself    in 
musical  science  and  instruct  the  Philharmonic  and  militia 
bands   while   following  the   prosaic   and   trying   avocation    of   blacksmith    and 
carriage    builder.     Two    pursuits    more    antagonistic    could    not    be    conceived, 
and   the  fact  that  he  neglects  neither  and   excels  in  both  shows,    that  he   is 
made  of  the  material  of  which  great  men  are  formed. 

Mr.  came  to  Tucson  over  twenty  years  ago  and 

engaged  in  the  business  of  warrant  shaving,  which  proved 

He  Will  Surely        exceedingly  remunerative.     He   is  now  well-to-do  and  will- 
D{e>  ing    to    lend    money    at    2    per    cent,    per    month    on    good 

security.  While  he  is  not  opposed  to  the  advancement  of 
Tucson,  and  believes  that  it  has  abundant  resources,  he 
thinks  that  immigration  will  reduce  the  rates  of  interest  and  make  people 
too  independent,  and  for  this  reason  does  not  care  to  assume  the  responsi- 
bility of  encouraging  it.  As  he  is  getting  along  in  years  his  objections  will 
probably  be  overruled  in  the  near  future,  and  some  more  enterprising  person 
will  eventually  get  his  money. 

There    are    so   many    of   our   merchants    who    started    in    a 

small  way   and   have   grown   up  with    the   country,    that   a 

Prices  are  reference  to  one  firm  is  almost  a  reference  to  all.    The  firm 

Reasonable.  of    Wneeler    &    Perry    comes    under    the    rule,    and    their 

present   large    establishment    exemplifies    most   forcibly    the 

conditions    that    prevail    here.      They    do    a    large    jobbing 

business  in  grocery  and  produce  all  over  the  southern  country,   besides  which 

they  handle   a  fair  family   trade.     The   stock   they   carry   would   surprise   the 

Eastern  country  jobber,  both  as  to  bulk  and  quality. 

Prior   to   the   erection  of   the   Radulovich  block,    there   was 
only  one   two-story  business   building  in  Tucson,   and  when 

He  Made  His  it    was    rumored    that    Mr.    L.    G.    Radulovich    intended    to 

Money  Here.  erect  another  at  the  far  end   of  town,   his  friends  tried  to 

persuade  him  that  it  was  a  wild  speculation.  He  carried 
out  his  intention,  however,  and  has  made  money  by  it.  He 
occupies  one  of  the  stores  with  a  large  stock  of  china,  glass  and  shelf- 
hardware,  displayed  in  the  most  tasteful  manner.  He  is  a  shrewd  business 
man,  and  having  manifested  his  faith  in  Tucson  by  the  Investment  of  his 
capital,  we  did  not  feel  it  necessary  to  ask  him  to  express  it  orally. 


140  Treasure 

The  visitor  will  be  surprised  to  find  here  such  a   well-ap- 
pointed and  well-supplied  meat  market  as   that  of   Mr.   C. 

Meat  is  Good  F.  Schumacher,  who  is  one  of  those  men  whose  aggressive 

and  Cheap.  energy  forces  them  to  the  front  in  everything.    Without  any 

political  ambition,   he   has   been  prominent   in   political   af- 
fairs by   the  will  of  the  people,   because  whatever   the  de- 
mands of  business,  public  or  private,   may  be,   he  always  finds  time  to  per- 
form them  well.    His  present  business  is  the  result  of  small  beginnings,   and 
shows  what  industry  and  intelligence  accomplish  when  the  field  is  fair. 

In  our  interview  with  him  he  referred  to  the  fact  that  our  meats  are 
not  only  first-class,  but  so  low  in  price  that  Eastern  people  will  find  that 
they  can  get  the  best  cuts  for  less  than  they  have  been  accustomed  to  pay 
for  the  worst  grades. 


SCHUMACHER'S 

MEAT  MARKET. 


Mr.  came  here  twelve  years  ago  and  started  a 

peanut  stand,  and  by  unremitting  attention  to  business  and 
Fears  sustaining  himself  on  the  stale  nuts  that  could  not  other- 

Competition.  wise   be  disposed   of,   he   began   to   thrive.     Fortune   smiled 

upon  him,  and  as  it  cost  him  nothing  to  live  he  made  a 
good  profit.  He  increased  his  stock  to  meet  the  demands 
of  trade,  and  gradually  forced  his  way  into  the  retail  grocery  business.  His 
frugal  habits  and  careful  personal  attention  to  business  produced  the  natural 
results,  and  in  a  few  years  he  became  almost  wealthy.  He  fully  realizes 
that  the  same  results  can  be  obtained  by  others,  but  he  does  not  believe 
In  encouraging  them  to  come  here,  as  competition  will  certainly  Injure  his 
business.  He  can  not,  therefore,  without  prospective  injury  to  himself,  en- 
courage any  enterprise  to  induce  immigration. 

Mr. has  made  lots   of  money   in   Tucson  and 

proposes  to  keep  it.    When  we  asked  him  to  subscribe  for 
P   t  It  V<»t  our  bool£  k®  Save  a  quiet   chuckle  and   said:     "You'll  get 

YCTt  enough   subscriptions  for  that  book  without  me,   and  if  it 

does  any  good,  as  I  suppose  it  will,  I'll  get  as  much  benefit 
from  it  as  my  neighbor,  and  you  can't  prevent  it.  Them 
principles  is  what  I've  made  my  money  on,  and  they're  good  enough  to  stay 
with.  You  might  be  doing  something  better  than  writing  books,  anyhow. 
You  can  make  more  money  hoeing  corn.  Look  at  me!  I  started  life  with 
A  dollar  bill  and  what  do  you  suppose  I  done  with  it?  I've  got  it  yet!  If 
people  only  saved  all  they  earned  they'd  have  it,  wouldn't  they?  That's  the 
way  I've  got  rich — saving  everything.  Perhaps  I've  lost  a  little  health  doing 
it,  but  what  of  it?  If  I  die,  I'll  die  rich,  anyhow.  The  people  of  Tucson 
don't  appreciate  a  man  with  money,  and  I'm  only  waiting  for  some  fools 
to  improve  my  property  so  that  I  can  get  a  good  price  for  it,  then  I'll  sell 
it  and  go  East,  where  a  man's  bank  account  counts.  I'm  not  subscribing 
for  nothing— see!" 


NOGALLS 


THE    LINE   CITY. 


IHTIilJNATIONAL  MONUrillN 


This  monument  stands  in  front  of  J.  T.  Brickwood's  store  in  an  angle  made  in  the 

building  to  admit  it.    The  boundary  line  between  the  United  States 

and  Mexico  passes  through  the  center  of  the  monument 

from  left  to  right. 


142 


Treasure  Land. 


From  TllCSOn 
t    Nncralp 

by  Stage. 


The  pleasures  of  stage  travel  are  better  appreciated  now 
than  when  stages  were  the  only  means  of  conveyance 
between  distant  points.     Railroads  have    so    gridironed 
Arizona   that  there   are   comparatively   few   of   the   old 
stage  lines  left,  and  the  old-timers  have  to  depend  upon 
their  recollection  for  the  pleasure  that  is  in  them. 
A  stage  ride  to  Nogales  is  not  a  necessity,  as  the  journey  can  be  made 
in  almost  seven  hours  by  rail,  but  if  the  visitor  wishes  to  see  something  of 
our  back  country,  our  mesas,  valleys  and  mountains,  we  recommend  this 
'trip. 

Mr.  M.  G.  Samaniego  is  the  proprietor  of  the  state  line  and  a  most 
accommodating  gentleman.  The  stage  is  one  of  the  finest  and  easiest 
ever  built  and  the  driver  an  interesting  relic  of  the  transition  period.  He 
has  grown  old  and  gray  in  the  service,  and  can  interest  you  with  some 
stirring  tales  of  the  past,  if  you  understand  Spanish. 

After  leaving  Tucson  you  follow  the  banks  of  the  Santa  Crux  river 
until  within  ten  miles  of  Nogales,  then  ascend  through  fields  and  orchards 
to  the  Line  City,  and  drink  in  the  bracing  air  of  the  mountains. 


THI:  LINE  CITY. 

Nogales  is  the  second  city  in  Pima  county  with  respect  to  size  and 
importance  and  the  last  one  founded.  It  is  situated  at  the  summit  of  the 
divide  in  a  narrow  pass,  where  the  high  ranges  of  mountains  that  sur- 
round it  bend  abruptly  as  if  to  afford  facilities  for  international  commerce. 
With  characteristic  energy  the  American  city  has  pressed  right  up  to  the 
international  line,  while  the  Mexicans,  with  customary  courtesy,  have 
retired  back  from  it  some  sixty  feet,  and  this  sixty-foot  space  forms  what 
is  known  as  International  street. 

The  line  of  railway  running  from  Benson,  on  the  Southern  Pacific  rail- 
road to  the  port  of  Guaymas  on  the  Gulf  of  California,  passes  through 
Nogales  and  is  not  only  responsible  for  the  town's  existence,  but  has 
made  it  the  prosperous  place  we  find  it  to  be  to-day. 

Being  a  dual  city,  under  different  governments,  witli  only  an  imaginary 
line  separating  the  two  peoples,  some  conflict  of  ideas  or  action  might 
naturally  be  expected,  but  as  will  be  seen  after  reading  our  interviews 
with  prominent  citizens,  nothing  of  the  kind  exists,  but  in  their  stead 


Nogalrx,  the  Line  City.  143 

the  utmost  harmony  of  thought  and  action  prevails.  Even  the  peace 
officers  of  the  two  cities  cooperate  in  the  arrest  and  punishment  of  of- 
fenders on  the  other  side  of  the  street  who  seek  an  asylum  with  them. 
When  the  authorities  of  American  Nogales  ordained  a  dog  tax  and  elected 
a  pound  master,  serious  trouble  was  anticipated,  as  the  Mexicans  are 
extremely  partial  to  dogs.  Strange  to  say,  the  axithorities  of  Mexican 
Nogales  quietly  passed  a  similar  law,  the  first  time  in  the  history  of 
Mexico,  and  courteously  requested  that  their  dog  tags  be  respected  in 
United  States  territory.  As  it  was  not  fair  to  expect  dogs  to  observe  the 
niceties  of  international  treaties  it  was  agreed  between  the  two  cities 
that  dog  tags  should  be  mutually  respected,  hence,  to-day  a  registered 
canine  can  wag  his  tail  on  either  side  of  the  line  with  impunity,  while  the 
unlicensed  cur  is  not  spared  on  account  of  his  nationality. 

The  elevation  is  about  4,000  feet  above  sea-level,  and  its  climate  leaves 
nothing  to  be  desired.     During  the  short  rainy  seasons  it  is  never  damp 
for  more  than  a   few  hours  at  a   time,   owing  to  the 
fact  that  the  town  is  situated  at  the  highest  point  of 
Climate  the  valley  that  slopes  gently  north  and  south,  giving  a 

of  NoJTales  natural  and  perfect  drainage.     The  days  are  moderately 

warm  and  the  nights  cool  and  refreshing,  making  it  an 
admirable  climate  for  persons  affected  with  pulmonary 
diseases.     No  case  has  ever  been  reported  that  originated  in  the  neighbor- 
hood, and  all  incipient  cases  have  derived  marked  benefit. 

One   of   the   peculiar   conditions   attending    life    in    the 
dual  city  is  illustrated  in  the  case  of  the  popular  rail- 
A  SeriOUS  mad   agent  at   Nogales,    Mr.    T.   .7.    Zeimet.     The   inter- 

DiffiCUltV.  national   boundary  line  passes    diagonally    through    his 

office.,   and   when   business  becomes   specially   irritating, 
he  does  not  know  which  language  to  swear  in  appro- 
priately and  consequently  has  to  appear  to  retain  his  usual  evenness  of 
temper. 

Mr.  Zeimet  is  brought  into  daily  contact  with  the  Mexican  customs 
officials,  and  states  that  no  more  courteous  or  accommodating  people  can 
be  found  anywhere.  He  has  been  seven  years  in  charge  of  this  office, 
and  has  always  found  them  more  willing  to  facilitate  international  busi- 
ness than  to  impede  it. 

We  are  indebted  to  the  Hon.  H.  K.  Chenoweth,  the  collector  of  cus- 
toms for  the  district,  and  his  efficient  assistants,  for  valuable  information 
respecting  the  customs  service. 

Nogales  is  the  principal  port  of  entry  for  the  district,  but  there  arc 
deputies  stationed  at  Bisbee.  Lochiel.  Buenos  Ayres  and  Yuma,  and  it  is 
probable  that  a  station  will  be  established  at  Tucson  in  the  near  future. 
Besides  these  officers  there  are  three  clerks  in  the  Nogales  office,  ami 
eighteen  subordinates  employed  as  inspectors,  guards,  etc.,  at  different 
points  on  the  frontier. 

Mr.  S.  M.  Aguirre.  special  deputy,  cashier  and  disburs- 

The  Customs         m^  a?en^  i§  a  son  °t  one  °f  thp  °ld  Spanish  settlers. 

who  came  originally  from  the  Biscayan  provinces.     He 

Service.  was  educated  in  one  of  the  best  schools  in  the  country, 

and  from  a  line-rider  in  1890  he  has  been  advanced  on 

merit  to  this  present  responsible  position. 

Mr.  E.  K.  Sykes.  entry  clerk,  proved  his  capacity  in  several  positions 
of  trust  and  responsibility  before  entering  the  customs  service,  and  is  the 
son  of  Col.  C.  P.  Sykes.  one  of  the  most  enterprising  men  in  Arizona. 

Mr.  .T.  H.  Politzer,  statistical  clerk,  is  also  an  Arizonian,  and  his  experi- 
ence as  a  business  man  and  accountant  admirably  fits  him  for  his  present 
position.  He  is  the  son  of  Mr.  Folitzer,  the  well-known  expert  of  New 
York  City. 


144  Treasure  Land. 

Some  idea  of  the  commerce  of  Nogales  may  be  gathered 
Imports  from  a  consideration  of  the  following  comparative  state- 

ment of  the  customs  for  the  fiscal  years  ending  June  30, 
and  Exports.        1896,  and  June  30,  1897,  not  including  commodities  en- 
tered under  bond  and  destined  to  foreign  countries  and  in- 
terior ports  of  the  United  States,  kindly  prepared  for  us  by  Mr.  Politzer, 
statistical  clerk: 

Value  of  imports,  1897 $3,047,764       Duties,  $124,978 

Value  of  imports,   1896 2,603,502       Duties,      85,372 


Increase  $   444,262       Duties,  $  39,606 

The  average  ad  valorem  rate  being  21.42  per  cent,  for  1897,  and  21.89 
per  cent,  for  1896. 

Value  of  exports,  1897 $1,032,414 

Value  of  exports,  1896 941,779 


Increase $     90,635 

_.  ..  The  resident  agents  of  Wells,  Fargo  &  Co.  are  always 

WellS,  ^6  repositories  of  valuable  information  respecting  the 

&  CO.'S       condition  of  business  at  their  stations.    Mr.  W.  F.  Over- 
...  ton,  the  head  of  the  Nogales  office,  has  been  identified 

Agcm.  with  the  Southwest  for  the  last  fifteen  years,  and  as  a 

quasi-public  officer  enjoys  the  respect  of  the  public  and  the  appreciation  of 
his  company. 

Large  industrial  operations  are  being  conducted  in  Sonora,  and  the 
future  is  full  of  promise.  While  the  official  statistics  of  the  entry  port  of 
Nogales  convey  some  idea  of  the  Sonora  trade,  it  must  be  remembered  that 
the  port  of  Guaymas,  on  the  Gulf  of  California,  is  the  depot  of  supplies  for 
a  large  portion  of  the  state,  and  the  value  of  imports  there  is  not  accessible. 
Large  shipments  are  made  by  sea  from  California,  and  European  merchan- 
dise is  landed  in  large  quantities,  the  vessels  taking  return  cargoes  of  high- 
grade  ores  and  other  local  products,  the  rate  of  transportation  being  out  of 
all  proportion  to  the  distance.  It  is  highly  probable  that  the  transfer  of 
the  Sonora  railway  to  the  Southern  Pacific  company  will  throw  a  large 
portion  of  the  business  now  transacted  with  Europe  into  the  hands  of  our 
own  merchants,  if  they  have  sufficient  capital  and  enterprise  to  handle  it. 

The  value  of  the  Sonora  trade  is  conceded  in  Nogales,  and 
•ri.g  the  mining  activity  in  that  state  fully  appreciated,  but 

its  real  nature  and  extent  is  only  faintly  comprehended. 
Sonora  Trade.      in  order  to  obtain  more  particular  information  on  this 
subject  for  our  story,  we  called  upon  Mr.  Ignacio  Bonil- 
las,  and  to  him  we  are  indebted  for  the  substance  of  this  article.    He  is  a 
member  of  the  American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers,  and  has  been  iden- 
tified with  the  mining  development  in  Southern  Arizona  and  Sonora  for 
the  past  fourteen  years.     He  was  official  engineer  for  the  government  for 
several  years,  and  his  reputation  for  character  and  ability  is  of  the  highest. 
The  mining  industry  in  Sonora  was  never  more  prosperous  than  at  pres- 
ent, and  the  number  and  magnitude  of  the  enterprises  can  be  faintly  con- 
veyed by  the  fact  that  there  are  over  15,000  men  directly  engaged  in  the 
production  of  the  precious  metals.    The  Minas  Prietas  alone  give  employ- 
ment to  about  3,000,  and  many  of  the  properties  are  beneficial  producers. 
As  the  mining  code  of  Mexico  differs  materially  from  our 
The  Mexican         own,  we  present,  for  the  information  of  our  readers,  the 
following  summary  of  its  requirements  with  respect  to 
Mining  Code.        the  location  and  possession  of  mines: 

Any  person,  foreigner  or  citizen,  can  locate  as  many 

claims,  or  "pertenencias."  as  he  feels  able  to  handle,  each  claim  being  100 
metres   square;  provided,    however,   that  no   foreigner  can   locate    minos 


Notjalex,  the  Line  City.  145 

within  the  Free  Zone,  or  a  distance  of  fifty-two  miles  from  the  boundary 
line,  without  first  obtaining  special  permission  from  the  government  of 
Mexico. 

Having  made  his  locations,  he  presents  a  petition  to  the  mining  agent  of 
the  district  in  which  they  are  situated,  asking  that  they  be  adjudged  to  him 
in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  law.  The  fees  for  registry,  publi- 
cation, stamps,  etc.,  should  not  exceed  $12,  but  are  generally  thrice  this 
amount,  the  official  schedule  being  adjusted  to  suit  the  climate.  If  the  pe- 
tition is  admitted,  as  it  usually  is  upon  payment  of  the  fees,  it  Is  regularly 
filed  for  registry,  and  within  three  days  thereafter  an  order  of  survey  is 
issued. 

Theoretically,  any  competent  engineer  can  be  selected  to  make  the  sur- 
vey, but  as  the  Question  of  competency  may  cause  complications,  it  is  bet- 
ter to  accept  the  party  recommended  by  the  district  agent.  When  the  sur- 
vey is  returned  the  agent  makes  an  extract  from  the  registry  and  causes 
it  to  be  published  in  the  official  paper  of  the  state,  citing  adverse  claimants 
to  appear  and  show  cause,  as  in  the  case  of  United  States  patents. 

At  the  end  of  four  months  it  is  the  duty  of  the  agent  to  forward  to  the 
federal  department  of  public  works  a  transcript  of  all  proceedings,  and  if 
these  are  found  to  be  regular,  and  the  stamp  duty  of  $10  for  each  claim 
is  forthcoming,  a  title  is  issued. 

The  cost  of  surveying  is  generally  $15  for  each  claim,  when  there  are 
many,  the  minimum  cost  of  a  survey  being  $100,  but  this  expense  is  af- 
fected by  distance  and  other  variable  conditions. 

The  only  limitations  to  the  absolute  ownership  of  mints  is  an  obligation 
to  pay  an  annual  tax  to  the  federal  government  of  $10  per  annum  on  each 
claim,  payable  every  four  months.  If  this  is  not  paid  promptly,  a  maxi- 
mum extension  of  three  months  is  granted  on  payment  of  fines  of  25,  50 
and  100  per  cent,  additional  for  each  month  respectively,  and  a  complete 
failure  is  held  to  be  an  abandonment  of  the  property,  which  then  reverts  to 
the  public  domain. 

The  state  government  collects  a  maximum  tax  of  2  per  cent,  on  the 
gross  product  of  mines  (which  can  be  avoided  by  letting  them  lie  idle), 
and  $6  per  $1,000  on  the  assessed  value  of  improvements.  The  assessment 
is  made  by  an  official  expert  appointed  for  each  district,  and  is  usually 
very  fair  to  mine  owners. 

The  Hon.  G.  A.  Avery,  mayor  of  Nogales,  is  also  one  of  its  pioneer 
merchants,  having  erected  the  first  building  of  any  importance  on  the  west 
side  of  the  railroad  track.  He  is  engaged  in  the  furniture  business,  but 
finds  time  to  devote  to  public  affairs.  He  was  on  the  board  of  county 
supervisors  four  years,  and  for  over  three  years  a  member  of  the  Nogales 
city  council.  We  are  indebted  to  him  for  the  following  valuable  information 
respecting  the  Line  City: 

He  estimates  the  population  of  American  Nogales  at 
No^ales  in  2,000,  and  the  Mexican  side  has  about  an  equal  number. 

About  twenty  new  and  modern  buildings  have  been 
Brief.  erected  during  the  past  year,  and  an  equal  number  across 

the  line.  The  Mexicans  appear  indisposed  to  let  us  beat 
them  in  progressiveness,  and  frequently  set  the  pace.  The  advantages  of 
Nogales  as  a  summer  resort  are  beginning  to  be  appreciated  by  the  people 
living  on  the  lowlands  of  Sonora,  where  the  summer  heat  is  almost  unbear- 
able, and  many  of  the  best  families  of  Hermosillo  and  Guaymas  intend  to 
erect  residences  here  as  places  of  refuge.  There  is  no  question  but  that  a 
fine,  commodious  hotel  erected  in  the  vicinity  of  Nogales  would  be  liberally 
patronized  by  the  Sonorenses,  and  as  the  guests  would  all  be  in  good  cir- 
cumstances, the  enterprise  would  pay. 

The  city  has  spent  on  the  streets,  during  the  year,  about  $3,500,  and  ex- 
tensive grading  is  still  in  progress. 


146  Treasure  Land. 

The  volunteer  fire  department  is  well  equipped  with  a  high-pressure 
engine,  costing  $1,500,  and  a  good  hose  reel. 

The  city  tax  is  5  mills  only,  and  there  is  no  bonded  or  other  indebt- 
edness. 

It  is  one  of  the  most  peaceful  settlements  in  the  country,  the  police 
force  consisting  of  a  city  marshal  and  one  assistant,  and  these  have  very 
little  to  do. 

The  relations  between  the  municipal  bodies  of  both  cities  are  extremely 
cordial,  the  Mexicans  promptly  adopting  every  one  of  our  ordinances  de- 
signed to  maintain  order  or  promote  the  welfare  of  the  municipality. 

The  peace  officers  of  both  cities  appear  to  have  a  private  understandiug 
between  them,  and  when  an  offender  seeks  immunity  from  arrest  on  the 
other  side  of  the  line,  he  is  quickly  pushed  back  across  the  street  within 
easy  reaching  distance. 

There  are  neither  paupers  nor  tramps,  and  every  industrious  man  read- 
ily finds  a  reward  for  his  exertions. 

The  city  contemplates  the  erection  of  a  fine  city  hall  and  engine  house, 
and  a  new  opera  house  will  probably  be  opened  in  the  lower  portion  of  the 
new  Masonic  Temple. 

The  business  outlook  is  very  encouraging,  and  business  has  more  than 
doubled  in  volume  since  the  commencement  of  the  year.  The  mining  activ- 
ity in  the  state  of  Sonora,  Mexico,  is  almost  incredible,  and  there  are  several 
fine  properties  being  operated  in  the  vicinity  of  Nogales. 

Business  is  generally  done  on  a  cash  basis,  and  credit  is  seldom  solicited. 

The  titles  to  city  property  have  heretofore  been  uncertain,  owing  to 
the  cloud  cast  upon  them  by  the  alleged  Nogales  Land  Grant,  but  now  that 
this  has  been  set  aside  by  our  courts,  a  patent  to  the  townsite  will  be  given 
by  the  government  and  ownership  confirmed. 

Nogales  has  an  excellent  telephone  system,  electric  light  and  water- 
works and  ice  plant. 

The  water  company  is  now  making  improvements  ia  its  service  that 
will  enable  it  to  furnish  an  abundant  supply  of  pure  water  at  a  high  pres- 
sure. 

A  sewerage  system  is  also  contemplated,  but  there  is  no  immediate 
necessity  for  this,  as  our  natural  drainage  is  almost  perfect. 

Our  principal  fuel  is  wood,  procured  in  the  neighborhood,  and  consists 
of  oak,  mesquite.  walnut  and  cedar.  It  is  delivered  in  the  city  at  the  rate 
of  $2.75  per  cord. 

All  business  is  transacted  on  the  basis  of  the  Mexican  dollar,  which 
passes  current  among  us  in  small  amounts  at  the  rate  of  50  cents,  or  two 
for  one  of  ours.  This  gives  our  merchants  considerable  trouble,  as  the  rate 
of  exchange  varies,  but  it  would  be  impossible  for  them  to  do  business  on 
any  other  basis. 

Nogales  Lodge  No.  11,  F.  and  A.  M.,  has  an  active  mem- 

Sncieties  and        bership  of  about  fifty,  and  meets  the  third  Saturday  of 

each  month.-    The  present  officers  are:    J.  Dessart,   W. 

Churches.  M.;  Chas.  Montague,  secretary,  and  W.   N.  Cummings, 

treasurer. 

The  Masonic  Association  of  Nogales  is  an  organization  in  charge  of  the 
erection  of  the  new  Masonic  Temple,  which,  though  now  in  use,  will  not  be 
dedicated  until  the  17th  of  September,  1897.  The  officers  are:  J.  Dessart, 
president;  Geo.  Montague,  secretary,  and  W.  N.  Cummings,  treasurer. 

Nogales  Lodge  No.  2,  A.  O.  U.  W.,  has  been  established  only  eighteen 
months,  and  has  now  a  membership  of  about  fifty.  It  meets  every  Friday 
evening,  and  the  officers  are:  F.  J.  Duffy,  M.  W.;  S.  M.  Aguirre,  recorder, 
and  F.  M.  King,  financier. 

Nogales  Lodge  No.  18,  K.  of  P.,  meets  the  first  and  third  Tuesdays  of 
each  month,  and  has  an  active  membership  of  seventy-five.  The  officers  are: 


Nogales,  the  Line  City. 


147 


A.  A.  Doherty,  C.  C.;  T.  F.  Broderick,  V.  C.;  Eb.  Williams,  K.  of  R.  and 
S.,  and  J.  B.  Mix,  M.  of  B. 

Nogales  Lodge  No.  9, 1.  0.  0.  F.,  meets  every  Thursday  and  has  a  mem- 
bership of  thirty-eight.  The  officers  are:  R.  H.  Clark,  N.  G.;  Eb.  Williams, 
secretary,  and  J.  Dessart,  treasurer. 

Manzanita  Lodge  No  6,  0.  of  Rebecca,  has  a  membership  of  twenty-seven, 
and  is  becoming  very  popular.  The  officers  are:  Jane  Williams,  D.  D.  G. 
M.;  Amy  Pierson,  N.  G.;  Prudence  Cummings,  V.  G.;  Emma  Walker,  sec- 
retary, and  Clara  Holler,  treasurer. 

The  Spanish-American  Alliance  is  represented  by  Lodge  No.  6,  organized 
May  16,  1897.  It  has  a  membership  of  fifty,  and  the  present  officers  are: 
R.  A.  Moreno,  president;  Ygn.  Escalada,  V.  I'.;  Juan  Franco,  secretary,  and 
F.  A.  Moreno,  treasurer. 

We  heard  of  a  Lodge  of  Good  Templars,  but  could  not  find  any  one  who 
was  willing  to  acknowledge  an  active  membership. 

There  are  three  churches  in  Nogales,  and  we  are  indebted  to  the  pas- 
tors of  two  for  the  information  given  below. 

The  Catholic  Church,  a  modest  but  comfortable  building,  is  well  patron- 
ized, notwithstanding  the  fact  that  there  is  a  church  of  the  same  faith 
on  the  other  side  of  the  line. 


1.     T.  F.  Rrod.-rick.  Marsli.-il. 
I.     (J.  A.  Avrrv.  .Mayor. 

li.     -I,  T.  H  rick  wood.  Councilman. 


2.    ('apt.  J.  . I.  Noon,  Councilman.        3.     F.  . I.  Duffy,  Justice  of  Peace. 

5.    S.  M.  Atfiiirre.  Chief  Customs  Clerk. 
7.     H.  K.  Chenoweth,  Collector  of  Customs. 


1.    U.  S.  Custom  House.  2.    Methodist  Church.  3.    Masonic  Temple. 

4.    Public  School.  ">.    Congregational  Church. 


Nogales,  the  Line  City. 


149 


The  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  (South)  entered  this  field  about  ten  years 
ago  by  establishing  a  school,  which  has  since  developed  into  the  Nogales 
seminary,  with  an  enrollment  of  180  pupils.  A  church  building  of  fail- 
proportions  was  erected  later  and  has  had  a  successful  career.  The  con- 
gregation averages  forty,  and  regular  services  are  maintained  throughout 
the  year.  The  Sunday  school  is  well  attended,  and  the  pastor,  Rev.  S.  V. 
Dilley,  is  hopeful  of  the  future. 

There  is  a  Mexican  branch  of  this  denomination,  in  charge  of  Rev.  E. 
Quinones,  with  a  membership  of  sixty.  The  services  are  conducted  in  a 
separate  building  and  in  the  Spanish  language. 

Trinity  Congregational  Church  was  established  in  1887,  and  has  an  aver- 
age attendance  of  thirty-five.  Regular  services  are  held  throughout  the 
year.  There  is  a  Sunday  school  in  connection  with  the  church,  with  an 
average  attendance  of  twenty-five,  and  the  auxiliary  bodies  are  well  repre- 
sented by  the  Christian  Endeavor  society,  the  Y.  P.  S.  C.  E.,  and  Ladies' 
mission.  The  present  pastor,  Rev.  J.  H.  Heald,  has  been  in  charge  five 
years,  and  notes  a  marked  improvement  in  the  moral  tone  of  the  community. 
In  addition  to  local  work,  he  visits  Calabasas  and  Crittenden.  The  church 
building  is  substantial,  and  attached  to  it  is  a  comfortable  parsonage,  a  gift 
from  the  former  pastor,  Rev.  R.  T.  Liston. 


RESIDENCES  :    1.    Mexican  Consul. 
4.    J.  Dessart. 


2.    L.  \V.  Mix. 
\V.  N.  Cummings. 


3.    F.  Herrera. 


].     Lumber  Yard.  Roy  &  Titcomb.         2.    Theo.  Gebler.          3.    F.M.King.         4.    Electric  Li^ht  i  1'.  Co. 
5.    Chenoweth  &  Mix  Drug  Store.       6.    Office  Wells,  Fargo  &  Co.       7.    Offices  Roy  &  Titcomb. 


Nogales,  the  Line  City.  151 

Dr.  A.  A.  Doherty,  the  pioneer  dentist  of  this  section, 
The  Public  's  a^so  a  scuo°l  trustee,  and  to  him  we  are  indebted  for 

the  following  information  respecting  the  public  schools 
SchOOl.  of   Nogales. 

Three  trustees  are  elected,  as  elsewhere  in  Arizona, 

and  the  present  board  consists  of  H.  K.  Chenoweth,  J.  B.  Mix  and  A.  A. 
Doherty. 

The  school  building,  situated  in  an  elevated  part  of  the  city,  is  a 
substantial  edifice,  furnished  with  all  modern  appliances,  including  im- 
proved seating  arrangements  aud  a  library.  There  are  three  class  rooms  in 
charge  respectively  of  Prof.  T.  F.  Grindell,  principal,  and  the  Misses 
Theo.  Sprecher  and  Ada  EKey,  lirst  and  second  assistants.  The  num- 
ber of  children  in  the  district  of  school  age  is  432,  but  owing  to  lack  of 
accommodation  the  attendance  is  not  as  large  as  it  should  be.  The  term 
is  generally  of  nine  months'  duration,  and  during  this  period  every  seat 
is  fllled. 

Dr.  Doherty  is  a  close  observer  and  pins  his  faith  to  the  Line  City. 
It  has  a  good  tributary  country  and  the  trade  with  Mexico  is  increasing 
steadily.  Speaking  of  the  effect  of  the  wonderful  climate  he  instanced 
a  Mexican  couple  residing  in  Nogales  who  have  twenty-seven  children  all 
living,  which  is  the  largest  crop  recorded  up  to  date. 

We  are  indebted  to   Mr.   A.  J.   Griswold,   clerk  of  the 

city  council,  for  valuable  information  on  many  matters. 

Fire  Risk  Mr'    Griswold   is   an    expert   accountant   and    insurance 

agent  and   was   formerly  agent  here  for   Wells,   Fargo 

&  Co.     He  informs  us  that  there  have  been  only  two 

fires  in  Nogales  in  six  years,  and  these  were  purely  accidental,  hence  the 

rate  of  insurance  is  low,  not  exceeding  1  per  cent.     The  buildings  now 

being  erected  are  all  of  brick  or  stone  and  consequently  nearly  fire  proof. 

There  are  two  newspapers  published  in   Nogales,   both 

of  them    in   the  English   language   and   issued   weekly. 

..  The  Oasis  was  originally  started  by  its  present  edi- 

INewspapers.         tor   an(]   proprietor,    Mr.    Allen   T.    Bird,    at   Arizola,   a 

boom  town  near  Casa  Grande,  on  the  Southern  Pacific 

railroad,  sixty  miles  west  of  Tucson.     When  the  boom 

collapsed,  Mr.  Bird  moved  his  outfit  to  Benson,  forty-five  miles  east  of 

Tucson,  but  after  trying  to  infuse  vitality  into  the  place  for  a  short  time, 

located   permanently    in    Nogales.      He  gives   the   public   a   newsy    sheet 

with  a  neat  typographical  appearance. 

The  Vidctte  originated  in  Nogales  in  1894,  the  editor  being  the  late 
Harry  M.  Wood,  an  old  newspaper  man  from  Tombstone.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Frank  M.  King,  the  present  proprietor,  who  was  followed  by 
the  late  George  Webb.  Mr.  King  resumed  charge  on  March  15,  1897, 
and  has  made  it  one  of  the  brightest  papers  in  Arizona.  It  has  twenty- 
four  columns  of  matter,  printed  on  fine  book-paper,  and  presents  a  neat 
typographical  appearance.  No  boiler  plate  defaces  its  pages  and  its 
articles  are  always  well  written  and  entertaining.  It  is  a  favorite  ad- 
vertising medium  and  has  a  large  local  patronage. 

Both  these  journals  do  credit  to  the  town  and  deserve  general  support. 
Nogales  is  a  virgin  field  for  industrial  enterprises,  and 
Opportunities       the  time  is  not  far  distant  when  it  will  be  necessary  to 
*  establish  manufactories  at  this  point  to  supply  the  in- 

creasing needs  of  northwestern  Mexico.     In  addition  to 
Enterprise.         the  great  saving  in  freight,  intelligent  labor  is  cheaper 
here  than   in   any   part  of  the  United   States,   and   the 
opening  up  of  the  Sonora  coal  fields  will  furnish  abundant  fuel  at  low 
cost.     Beef  cattle,  now  exported  by  the  thousand  to  the  East,  should  be 
converted  into  canned  meats  on  the  spot,  the  hog-raising  industry  could 


152 


Treasure  Land. 


be  stimulated  and  lard,  soap  and  candles  manufactured  here.  All  these 
products  are  imported  by  the  carload  to  supply  the  demands  of  Sonora. 
A  flour  mill  located  at  Calabasas  would  be  profitable,  and  a  good-sized 
brewery  would  be  kept  in  active  operation. 

There  is  an  excellent  opening  for  a  good  national  bank  with  a  capital 
of,  say,  $50,000.  After  it  secured  the  confidence  of  the  people  it  would 
become  the  depository  for  the  surplus  wealth  of  Sonora,  which  is  con- 
siderable. At  present  there  is  no  bank  of  deposit  at  Nogales  of  any  im- 
portance, the  exchange  business  being  generally  transacted  by  leading 
merchants  and  one  or  two  money  brokers. 

As  the  town  can  only  grow  down  the  valley,  real  estate  speculators 
might  find  it  profitable  to  control  available  building  sites  in  that  direc- 
tion; some  of  these  are  admirably  situated  and  control  valuable  water 
supplies.  A  few  years  hence  it  will  cost  thousands  of  dollars  to  accom- 
plish what  can  be  done  now  with  a  few  hundreds. 

On  the  whole,  the  writer  feels  that  next  to  Tucson,  Nogales  presents 
more  and  better  opportunities  than  any  town  in  the  West. 


.  CAPTAIN  NOON'S  ORCHARD. 

It  has  been  said  of  some  of  our  old  pioneers  that  the 
Another  on^v  way  they  can  terminate  their  existence  is  to  try 

to  live  back  East  or  commit  suicide.  Capt.  J.  J.  Noon, 
Opportunity.  chairman  of  the  finance  committee  of  the  town  council, 

is  touching  his  seventieth  year  and  is  hale  and  hearty 
and  more  enterprising,  perhaps,  than  many  a  youth  of  thirty.  He  landed 
in  California  in  1850  and  experienced  the  usual  vicissitudes  during  the 
years  he  mined  in  the  Golden  state,  Nevada,  Utah,  Idaho  and  Arizona. 
He  was  the  original  discoverer  of  the  famous  St.  Patrick  mine  in  the 
Pajaritos  mountains,  which  he  sold  for  $20,000,  and  out  of  which  the 
purchasers  netted  $150,000  the  first  sixty  days. 

He  settled  in  Nogales  about  nine  years  ago  and  took  up  eighty  acres 
on  the  north  side  of  the  city.  Part  of  this  is  subdivided  and  known  as 
Noon's  addition.  Of  the  balance,  he  planted  eight  acres  in  fruit  trees, 
Avhich  are  now  in  full  bearing,  and  form  a  beauty  spot  in  the  scenery. 
The  pressure  of  the  city  is  bearing  down  upon  the  captain's  reserve  of 
fifty  acres,  including  the  orchard,  and  he  will  be  compelled  to  enlarge 
Noon's  addition  by  the  the  addition  to  it  of  the  balance  of  his  property. 
It  is  the  finest  residence  site  in  the  city,  conveniently  located,  easily 
graded  and  with  a  fine  quarry  of  excellent  building  stone  on  one  side 


Nogales,  the  Line  City.  153 

that  will  supply  enough  material  to  cover  the  whole  acreage  with  build- 
ings. If  we  had  the  money  we  would  try  to  buy  the  captain  out  and 
double  our  money  in  two  years  from  half  the  property. 

Some  years  ago,  the  correspondent  of  an  Eastern  journal 

A  discovered  a  man  in  an  Arizona  town  who  filled  every 

Disappointed        office  it  was  entitled  to,  and  wrote  the  matter  up  as  an 

„  extraordinary  circumstance.    He  failed,  however,  to  draw 

*n*  the  obvious  moral  that  if  one  person  was  able  to  fill  all 

the  offices,  there  could  be  little  to  do  in  any  of  them.    This  concentration  of 

responsibility  is  really  a  very  common  occurrence  in  Arizona,  and  even  in 

a  town  like  Nogales  we  find  that  Mr.  T.  P.  Broderick  is  able  to  be  city 

marshal,  deputy  sheriff,  deputy  United  States  marshal  and  constable,  and 

still  has  time  to  attend  to  his  own  business. 

He  notes  that  there  has  been  no  serious  infringement  of  the  law  in  four 
years,  the  principal  cases  being  misdemeanors.  The  lower  class  Mexicans 
across  the  line  sometimes  imbibe  too  freely  of  bad  mescal  and  tumble  out 
of  their  own  country  into  ours.  If  they  are  caught  before  they  lurch  back 
again  they  become  Mr.  Broderick's  prey  and  swell  the  annals  of  crime.  If 
it  were  not  for  occasional  accidents  of  this  kind,  time  would  hang  so  heavily 
on  his  hands  that  he  would  be  compelled  to  run  for  some  more  offices. 

He  has  only  been  in  Arizona  a  few  years  and  is  disappointed  hi  it.  He 
feels  that  he  had  a  right  to  expect  more  occupation,  and  suggests  the  ad- 
visability of  importing  a  few  desperadoes  from  the  East,  in  order  to  give 
our  peace  officers  some  decent  entertainment. 

The  upper  portion  of  the  Santa  Cruz  valley  is  admirably 
A  New  adapted  to  the  raising  of  a  fine  grade  of  tobacco,  and  the 

farmers  will  now  give  their  attention  to  this  product,  in 
Industry.  view  of  the  establishment  at  Nogales  of  a  cigar  and 

cigarette  factory.  It  is  only  within  the  last  month  that 
Fleischer  &  Varona  began  the  manufacture  of  Mexican  cigars  from  the  best 
grades  of  Vera  Cruz  tobacco,  and  the  brand  of  "Las  Dos  Naciones"  is  al- 
ready widely  known.  Mr.  Varona  was  originally  with  Kohlberg  Bros.,  of 
El  Paso,  whose  "International"  brand  of  Mexican  cigars  is  known  all  over 
the  country,  and  to  his  skill  must  be  attributed  the  reputation  they  have 
made.  The  climatic  conditions  at  Nogales  are  more  favorable  to  the  manu- 
facture, and  the  Dos  Naciones  brand  will  take  precedence  of  all  others  as 
soon  as  its  merits  become  known  to  smokers.  None  but  the  finest  grades  of 
Vera  Cruz  tobacco  are  used,  and  the  cigars  have  all  the  best  qualities  of  the 
imported  article,  in  addition  to  an  elegance  of  appearance  that  adds  to  their 
value  in  the  eyes  of  connoisseurs.  The  adaptability  of  the  local  tobacco  to 
the  manufacture  of  cigarettes  has  been  proven,  and  as  soon  as  a  sufficient 
quantity  is  supplied,  it  will  be  used  for  a  line  of  cigarettes  that  will  com- 
pete successfully  with  the  Eastern  article.  Fleischer  &  Varona  at  present 
employ  twenty  hands,  but  this  number  will  be  doubled  next  month.  The 
success  of  their  enterprise  has  been  beyond  their  expectations,  and  the  repu- 
tation of  their  factory  has  outrun  their  ability  to  keep  up  with  the  demand. 
Some  years  ago  the  writer  visited  the  principal  Eastern 
manufacturers  in  the  interest  of  an  enterprise  designed 
NO  Trouble  to  develop  our  trade  relations  with  Mexico,  and  found 

at  au  that  the  custom  house  was  the  bug-bear  of  commerce. 

Since  then  custom  house  brokerage  has  been  recog- 
nized as  a  profession  on  both  sides  of  the  line,  and  those 
who  engage  in  it  have  to  be  both  competent  and  responsible.  The  entry 
of  merchandise  into  Mexico  is  to-day  attended  with  less  difficulty  than 
entries  into  the  United  States.  For  the  Mexican  side  there  are  a  number 
of  skilled  brokers,  but  the  recognized  broker  in  American  Nogales  is 
Judge  Frank  M.  Duffy,  to  whom  the  principal  business  men  confide 
their  business. 


154  Treasure  Land. 

Among  the  many  pleasant  people  we  met  in  Nogales  was  Mr.  W.  N. 
Curnrnings,  the  real  estate  and  money  broker.     He  is  in  close  touch  with 
the  pulsations   of   business  and  prominent  and  active  in  all  that  tends 
to  promote  the  welfare  of  the  community.     He  is  a  charter  member  of 
Nogales  Lodge,  I.  O.  O.  P.,  and  as  a  member  of  the  Masonic  fraternity 
has   been   instrumental   in   crowning   the   local   lodge   with    the   undying 
honor   of   being  the  first  in  Arizona   to  build  its  own 
j*  js  temple.     He  came  to  Nogales  eleven  years  ago  and  in- 

vested heavily  in  real  estate.  At  the  present  time  all 
NO  Boom.  his  houses  are  filled  with  good  tenants  and  he  could 

rent  twenty-five  more  if  he  had  them.  Many  new  build- 
ings are  in  course  of  erection  on  both  sides  of  the  line,  but  the  demand 
always  exceeds  the  supply.  A  better  class  of  people  is  being  added 
to  our  population  and  the  future  of  the  city  looks  flattering. 

He  is  very  much  interested  in  the  cause  of  higher  education  and  be- 
lieves that,  if  a  good  commercial  college  were  established  here  it  would 
be  well  patronized  by  the  youth  of  Sonora,  who  are  now  sent  to  the 
Eastern  states  and  Europe. 

While  the  Building  and  Loan  Association  of  Nogales  has  been  of 
some  assistance  in  building  up  the  town,  it  is  not  so  well  patronized  as 
it  should  be,  the  monthly  income  not  exceeding  $600,  which  means  per- 
haps four  buildings  a  year. 

Mr.  Geo.  W.  Atkinson  was  one  of  the  original  settlers  at 
Four  Tons  Calabasas,  near  Nogales,  reaching  there  in  1879.  He  has 

a  fine  farm  and  cattle  range  and  was,  until  lately,  asso- 
tO  the  Acre.  ciated  Avith  L.  Zeckendorf  &  Co.  in  their  extensive  cattle- 

dealing  operations.  He  was  the  pioneer  potato  cultivator 
of  Arizona,  and  instances  a  crop  of  8,000  pounds  to  the  acre  raised  in  the 
Santa  Cruz  valley  and  marketed  chiefly  in  Tucson.  George  tells  an  excellent 
story  about  himself  that  is  worth  repeating:  In  the  early  part  of  January, 
...  T  .  1879,  he  called  at  Pete  Kitchen's  ranch,  five  miles  north 

nil  IWlce  Of  Nogales,  and  not  finding  Pete  there,  left  a  note  and 

in  the  started  to  return  to  Calabasas.    While  yet  in  sight  of  the 

^flmp  ^nnt  ranch  he  was  halted  by  five  Mexican  robbers,  who  re- 

name 2>pOl.  Heved  him  of  all  his  valuables    and    surplus    clothing. 

Then  they  led  him  off  the  road  and  kept  him  prisoner  until  it  was  dark. 
When  released  he  made  direct  for  his  ranch  at  Calabasas,  and  found  there 
a  party  on  the  way  to  Sonora  with  a  large  amount  of  money,  who,  after 
hearing  the  story  of  his  adventure,  decided  to  give  up  their  journey  and 
return  home.  Atkinson  Avas  very  much  disgusted  with  his  adventure,  and, 
as  the  nearest  supply  point  then  was  Tucson,  he  proceeded  thither  to  secure 
a  new  outfit  of  clothing  and  a  gun  with  which  to  defend  himself  if  again 
attacked.  A  few  weeks  after  his  return,  while  working  about  his  house, 
he  saw  five  Mexicans  approaching,  and  sent  his  man  with  the  gun  to  in- 
vestigate them.  They  eluded  the  messenger,  however,  and  pounced  upon 
George  just  as  he  recognized  them  as  the  same  bandits  that  had  robbed 
him.  The  man  was  surprised  in  a  similar  manner  and  led  off  out  of  sight. 
After  compelling  him  to  cook  them  a  good  dinner,  they  expressed  great 
pleasure  at  meeting  him  again,  and  suggested  that  he  contribute  at  least 
$500  to  the  common  fund.  When  he  declared  that  his  resources  did  not 
exceed  $30  they  appeared  incredulous  and  insisted  upon  putting  a  noose 
about  his  neck  and  hauling  him  up  to  a  beam  several  times.  As  this  game 
of  neck-stretching  failed  to  produce  the  desired  result,  they  accepted  the  $30 
and  whatever  else  was  convenient  and  useful  to  them,  and  left.  For  a  long 
time  after  this  visitors  to  the  Atkinson  ranch  had  to  bring  strong  letters  of 
recommendation  or  go  somewhere  else. 


Nogales,  the  Line  City. 


155 


The  Youngest 
Pioneer. 


The  Hon.  John  T.  Brickwood  claims  to  be  the  youngest 
living  man  who  voluntarily  came  to  Arizona  and  re- 
mained here  permanently.  As  this  challenge  excludes 
people  who  were  born  "here,  we  award  him  the  medal 
for  being  the  youngest  pioneer.  He  first  landed  here 
in  1867,  and  after  mining  and  storekeeping  in  different  parts  of  the  ter- 
ritory settled  in  Nogales  in  1882.  The  future  city  was  then  nothing  but 
a  line  of  tents  along  the  flat,  and  the  only  storekeepers  were  Isaacson, 
Elliott  and  Downer  and  D.  Snyder.  He  began  business  just  south  of 
tlu>  present  site  of  the  Montezuma  hotel,  opposite  the  old  railroad  depot. 
A  couple  of  years  later  he  built  his  present  place  of  business  around  the 
international  monument,  and  the  south  line  of  the  building  coincides  with 
the  boundary  line  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico.  In  order  to 
accommodate  the  monument  an  angle  was  made  in  the  wall. 

Mr.  Brickwood's  record  as  a  public-spirited  citizen  is  proclaimed 
in  the  fact  that  he  is  now  serving  his  second  term  as  a  member  of  the 
city  council. 


RE  \TIX<;  THE  CUSTOMS. 


One  of  the  economical  results  of  building  right  on  the 
Beating"  the  ^ne  'ls  snown  m  n*s  arrangement  for  supplying  his  cus- 

tomers with  Mexican  cigars  without  paying  tribute  to 
Customs.  Uncle  Sam.     As  anything  beyond  the  line  of  his  wall 

is  in  Mexico,  including,  perhaps,  the  paint,  when  a 
customer  desires  a  foreign  weed,  be  just  steps  outside  into  the  next 
country  and  opens  a  case  attached  to  the  wall,  the  customer  following 
and  placing  at  least  one  foot  over  the  door  step,  and  the  international 
difficulty  is  adjusted.  An  accompanying  illustration  shows  how  the  trick 
is  done,  and  this  is  the  only  spot  in  the  world  where  it  is  possible  to  do  it. 


156  TreasureJLand. 

In  Nogales  we  grasped  the  hand  of  the  only  living 
Thp  ^nlp  active  participant  in  the  historical  events  which  took 

place  in  San  Francisco  in  1856.  Mr.  Theo.  Gebler,  the 
Survivor.  pioneer  hardware  merchant  of  Nogales,  was  a  member 

of  company  26  at  the  time  the  Vigilance  Com- 
mittee passed  upon  the  cases  of  Cory,  Casey,  Helherington  and  Bliss,  and 
often  stood  guard  before  Judge  Terry's  door.  He  is  also,  so  far  as  he 
knows,  the  only  living  eye-witness  of  the  celebrated  duel  between  the 
Judge  and  Senator  Broderick.  Though  years  have  whitened  his  head  he 
has  never  lost  his  pioneering  instincts,  and  cast  in  his  lot  with  the  founders 
of  the  Line  City  twelve  years  ago.  He  has  been  a  member  of  the  council 
since  the  town's  incorporation,  and  is  always  as  foremost  in  public  spirit 
as  he  is  in  business  enterprise.  He  is  assisted  in  his  business  by  his 
son,  Oscar,  who  bids  fair  to  follow  in  his  father's  footsteps  and  maintain 
in  eternal  green  the  honored  name  he  bears. 

While  on  the  subject  of  commerce,  we  take  pleasure  in 

1  DC  SOUtnem       presenting  the  reader  with  the  following  brief  summary 

Pacific  of  the  consensus  of  opinion  of  the  merchants  of  Nogales 

P  respecting  the  transfer  of  the  ownership  of  the  Sonora 

company.  railway.    While  some  held  views  contrary  to  those  here 

expressed,  the  majority  agreed  with  them,  and  even  the  objectors  conceded 

that  they  were  probably  correct: 

The  Southern  Pacific  company  has  unlimited  resources,  is  controlled  by 
able  men,  and  while  its  policy  may  be  selfish,  its  service  is  generally  effi- 
cient. Every  department  of  the  road  will  be  improved  or  renovated,  to  the 
advantage  of  travelers  and  shippers;  it  will  become  an  integral  part  of  a 
great  continental  system,  with  proportional  rates  of  freights  and  fares,  and 
cease  to  conduct  a  predatory  warfare  against  foreign  lines.  Of  course  the 
Southern  Pacific  company  may  bring  some  pressure  to  bear  on  our  mer- 
chants to  force  them  into  the  markets  it  controls,  but  the  question  of  mar- 
ket is  not  material  if  other  things  are  equal.  The  merchant  is  most  inter- 
ested in  the  volume  of  his  trade  and  the  profit  in  it.  It  is  probable  that 
our  merchants  will  be  restricted  to  certain  territory  and  will  not  be  per- 
mitted to  ship  to  Tucson  or  Yuma,  but,  on  the  other  hand,  they  will  be 
maintained  in  their  own  domain  against  all  competition.  We  do  not  be- 
lieve that  the  Southern  Pacific  company  will  make  Guaymas  a  distributing 
point,  for  the  reason  that  it  is  not  to  their  interest  to  do  so.  There  is  no 
doubt  a  line  of  steamers  will  be  put  on  to  handle  the  coffee  trade  of  Cen- 
tral America  through  Guaymas,  and  the  tea  trade  of  the  Orient,  but  these 
are  transcontinental  matters  and  do  not  directly  affect  us.  The  shops  will 
certainly  be  removed  from  Guaymas  to  this  point,  as  this  is  an  econom- 
ical necessity.  If  the  Sonora  coal  fields  are  as  good  as  represented,  the 
Southern  Pacific  company  will  take  an  active  interest  in  their  development, 
and  this  consideration  opens  up  a  pleasant  vista  of  manufacturing  possibil- 
ities. 

On  the  whole,  we  see  in  the  change  nothing  to  decrease  the  present 
growing  trade  with  Sonora,  and  much  to  encourage  us  to  hope  for  a  brighter 
future  for  it. 

Nogales  is  responsible  for  company  "G,"  N.  G.  of  Ari- 
-rtje  zona,  which  we  hope  will  never  be  called  upon  to  dis- 

tinguish itself  in  any  international  conflict.  The  boys 
Militia.  have  fairly  mastered  the  tactics  and  manual-at-arms. 

We  saw  them  salute  the  flag  on  the  Fourth  of  July, 
and  they  made  a  martial  noise  that  must  have  been  exhilarating  to 
old  soldiers.  We  afterwards  saw  them  attack  the  refreshments  provided 
for  them  at  the  custom  house,  and  the  charge  they  made  was  frightful 
to  behold,  and  thoroughly  demoralized  the  enemy.  The  officers  are:  Will 
EKey,  captain;  Rich.  Fleischer,  first  lieutenant;  T.  F.  Broderick,  first 
sergeant. 


Nogales,  the  Line  City. 


157 


DEPAHTMENTS,  STORE  OF  J.  PASOHOLY  COMPANY. 


They  Set  the 
Pace. 


In  order  to  succeed  in  the  Southwest  a  man  must  have 
fertility  of  resource  and  indefatigable  energy,  so  that  if 
one  assault  at  fortune  fails,  another  is  attempted,  and  so 
on  until  the  citadel  is  won. 

A  fair  sample  of  the  right  material  is  Mr.  Jos.  Pascholy, 
the  merchant  prince  of  Nogales,  who  laughingly  boasts 
that  he  has  been  "broke"  half  a  dozen  times.  He  was  one  of  the  pioneer 
business  men  of  Tombstone  and  stayed  with  the  old  camp  until  hope  was 
gone.  In  1891  he  came  to  Nogales  with  a  large  capital  of  energy  and  a 
limited  supply  of  cash.  His  credit  was  good,  however,  and  true  to  his 
character  he  began  on  top,  and  overcoming  odds  that  would  have  appalled 
another  man,  not  only  stayed  there  but  set  the  pace  for  others. 

The  large  department  store  of  the  Jos.  Pascholy  Company  is  the  most 
imposing  block  in  town,  50x155  feet,  and  a  dozen  men  are  employed.  Their 
importations  exceed  six  carloads  a  month,  and  the  wholesale  trade  with 
Sonora  is  almost  half  of  all  that  is  transacted  from  Nogales.  The  firm  has 
exclusive  control  of  several  important  mining  camps  in  Sonora. 

Judge  Taylor,  the  office  manager  of  the  firm,  is  also  an  old  Tombstone 
business  man,  who  adds  a  long  Western  experience  to  a  strong  natural 
ability. 

The  accompanying  illustrations  showing  the  Pascholy  establishment 
speak  plainer  than  words  of  the  enterprise  of  the  firm. 


Oratory. 


The  days  of  oratory  are  supposed  by  many  to  have  passed 
away,  but  a  good,  rattling  speech,  full  of  point  and  music, 
is  still  appreciated,  and  the  race  of  orators  has  not  been 
extinguished,  but  merely  reduced  in  numbers.  We  require 
that  if  a  speaker  has  aught  to  say,  he  shall  speak  with 
precision  and  brevity,  and  this  has  driven  long-winded 
orators  out  of  the  business. 

Judge  Eb.  Williams,  of  Nogales,  has  achieved  fame  as  an  orator  by  not 
striving  for  it.  We  are  indebted  to  him  for  valuable  information  respecting 
the  fraternal  organizations  of  Nogales,  as  well  as  for  much  courteous  atten- 
tion. His  reputation  as  an  able  speaker  in  both  English  and  Spanish  has 
long  been  known  to  us,  and  a  personal  acquaintance  impressed  us  with  his 
real  merit.  He  has  been  fifteen  years  in  Arizona  and  always  active  in 
public  duties. 


158 


Treasure  Land. 


HOTEL  HARDEN. 


THE  MONTEZUMA  HOTEL. 


Elsewhere  in  this  volume  we  give  some  reminiscenses  ob- 
tained from  Col.  Bob.  Williams,  the  proprietor  of  the 
Montezuma  hotel,  Nogales. 

Fair  and  Good.  After    Final    was    abandoned   Bob  moved   to   Florence, 

and    opened    a    hotel,    which    he    ran    successfully    for    five 
years.  When    he    was    burnt    out    he    looked    for    another 
location,    finding  it  in   Nogales. 

The  Montezuma  is  a  three-story  stone  building  of  imposing  appearance, 
with  forty-five  rooms  elegantly  furnished  and  well-ventilated.  It  faces  the 
city  park,  with  another  park  of  its  own  in  the  rear,  and  is  lighted  with 
electricity.  There  is  a  neat  parlor  and  two  sample  rooms,  and  in  connection 
with  the  hotel,  but  separated  from  it,  is,  the  best  restaurant  in  Nogales. 

Bob  is  a  typical  Arizonian,  generous  to  a  fault  with  his  friends,  but 
strong  in  his  antipathy  to  anything  mean.  None  boat  people  of  the  best 
class  are  permitted  to  become  his  guests  and  these  invariably  become  his 
friends.  He  has  a  faithful  and  efficient  coadjutor  in  his  estimable  wife,  and 
the  visitors  at  the  Montezuma  are  always  assured  of  fair  treatment  and 
good  company. 

This  hotel  is  the  only  first  class  hostelry  in  the  city,  although  furnished 
rooms  can  be  obtained  at  reasonable  rates.  There  are  a  number  of  good 
restaurants  and  prices  are  generally  low.  In  the  winter  months  the  tables 
are  well  supplied  with  oysters  and  fresh  fish  from  the  bay  of  Guaymas. 

The  quality  of  the  air  in  this  region  is  illustrated  by  the 
fact  that  in' operating  the  long-distance  telephone  between 

A  Skilled  Nogales    and    Duquesne,    a    distance    of    twenty    miles,    the 

Electrician.  slightest  whisper  can  be  heard. 

The  construction  of  this  line  is  the  work  of  Mr.  W.  P.. 
Welton,  who  is  a  skilled  electrician,  located  at  Nogales. 
He  finds  abundant  occupation  in  Sonora,  Mexico,  whose  people  are  prompt 
to  avail  themselves  of  the  latest  scientific  discoveries.  The  use  of  the  electric 
light  in  mining  operations  is  growing  in  favor,  and  at  present  Mr.  Welton 
it  setting  up  a  plant  for  a  mining  company  near  Arispe,  and  this  class  of 
work  will  engage  a  great  deal  of  his  attention  in  the  future. 


ONKA'S  LEAP 


AN   INDIAN   LEGEND 
¥¥¥¥¥¥    Or   THE 

SANTA  CATALINAS. 


A  few  miles  from  Tucson,  at  the  point  of  the  Santa  Catalina  mountains, 
rises  a  jagged  peak,  which  some  convulsion  of  nature  has  rent  from  the 
parent  range;  and  upon  a  narrow  ridge  running  from  the  base  of  this 
peak  are  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  settlement  of  the  primitive  race.  Below 
the  ruins,  at  the  distance  of  a  mile,  the  ridge  terminates  in  a  cliff,  which 
rises  sheer  100  feet  or  more  from  the  rocky  bottom  of  a  gulch.  This 
cliff  is  known  as  Onka's  Leap,  and  the  following  is  the  origin  of  the 
name,  as  told  by  the  Pima  sages: 

It  was  a  fearful  night;  black  darkness  overspread  the  land;  the  mut- 
tering thunder  and  the  vengeful  lightning  shook  the  murky  air,  but  the 
mad  frenzy  of  the  elements  was  soft  repose  compared  with  the  tempest 
of  angry  and  vengeful  passions  that  tore  the  soul  of  a  lonely  old  vc-koi 
(grandmother)  who  sat  amid  the  ruins  of  what  had  lately  been  the  happy 
homes  of  her  kindred. 

"Why,"  she  cried,  as  she  beat  her  shriveled  breast  and  tore  out  big 
handsful  of  her  scraggy  hair,  "why  strikes  not  the  great  Tas  (sun  god) 
their  savage  hearts!  Surely  the  dark  Hauk  (night  demon)  is  awake  this 
cursed  night!  Alas,  not  one  of  my  people  have  they  spared!  Why  am 
I  left  if  not  that  I  may  throw  curses  at  the  backs  of  the  murderers!" 

Even  while  she  cursed  until  the  weary  breath  rattled  in  her  throat, 
a  heavy  hand  fell  upon  her  shoulder,  and  a  hoarse  voice  roared  in  her 
ear.  "Ve-koi!" 

She  turned,  and  by  the  lightning's  lurid  glare  recognized  the  leader 
of  the  band  whose  hands  were  red  with  the  blood  of  her  people. 

"Yes,  yes!"  she  shrieked,  "I  have  cursed  ye  till  my  voice  is  choked! 
No\v  take  my  worthless  life  as  you  have  taken  theirs,  and  let  my  spirit 
be  with  them.  Onka  is  ready!"  and  she  lowered  her  head  for  the  ex- 
pected blow. 

"Peace!"  yelled  the  savage,  "we  seek  not  your  miserable  life,  but 
to  preserve  our  own.  Live  to  tell  the  miserable  aka-ma-lootum  (river  men) 
of  our  hate  and  vengeance.  We  are  in  haste  to  reach  our  homes  beyond 
the  great  Ka-rut  (Superstition  mountains),  and  can  not  find  the  trail  out 
of  these  cursed  hills.  The  Te-koi  will  show  us  the  path!" 

"Conduct  you  to  safety  that  you  may  desolate  other  homes?  Never!" 
Then  as  the  sinewy  hand  of  the  savage  grasped  her  throat,  another  thought 
came  to  her,  and  she  said,  "I  will  go." 

Among  the  boulders  and  hummocks  Onka  led  the  ghostly  proces- 
sion, while  the  thunder  pealed  and  the  lightning  crashed  among  the 
peaks,  and  the  torrents  came  hurtling  down  the  mountain  side.  For  a 
space  she  proceeded  with  hurried  gait,  then  paused  under  a  sturdy  oak 


160  Treasure  Land. 

whose  arms  waved  like  reeds  under  the  influence  of  the  storm.  She 
appeared  to  reflect  as  to  what  direction  to  take,  and  while  she  hesitated, 
there  came  a  lull  in  the  storm  which  only  Intensified  the  darkness. 

If  the  savages  could  have  seen  her  face  as  she  started  off  again  their 
suspicions  would  have  been  aroused  by  the  smile  that  overspread  her 
features  and  the  exulting  glitter  of  her  eyes.  But  the  darkness  was  so 
intense  that  they  saw  nothing  and  struggled  along  behind  her  in  single 
file,  their  eyes  blinded  by  the  pelting  storm  and  their  ears  deafened 
with  the  roar  of  the  tempest. 

When  she  approached  the  edge  of  the  precipice  she  stopped  and  cau- 
tiously stepped  aside.  Her  trusting  followers  moved  on,  one  after  the 
other,  down  into  the  deep  and  fatal  abyss,  whence  no  wail  of  despair 
or  death  rose  above  the  voice  of  the  storm  god. 

As  her  last  foe  perished,  a  flash  of  lightning  leapt  from  the  darkness 
and  bathed  the  scene  in  lurid  light. 

Onka  gave  a  yell  of  hellish  triumph. 

"Not  yet,  not  yet  will  I  leave  them!  The  spirit  of  Onka  shall  follow 
to  taunt  them!"  and  with  a  mad  leap  she  followed  her  victims. 


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